PSY101 Lecture-wise Short Questions

ECTURE # 19

What is wakefulness?

Answer: Wakefulness is the productive part of our life when we are conscious and actively consuming physical energy.

Why is sleep essential?

Answer: Sleep is essential for rest and rejuvenation of the body. It allows the muscles and nerves to relax and recharge energy for the next day's activities.

What are altered states of consciousness?

Answer: Altered states of consciousness are states in which an individual is either fully or partially unaware of their sensations, thoughts, feelings, emotions, events, and surroundings.

What are the stages of sleep?

Answer: The stages of sleep are Stage-1, Stage-2, Stage-3, and Stage-4. These stages occur in cycles of approximately 90 minutes each.

What is REM sleep?

Answer: REM sleep stands for Rapid Eye Movement sleep, characterized by rapid movement of the eyes. It is the deepest sleep stage and is associated with dreaming.

How much sleep do people need on average?

Answer: On average, people need 7-8 hours of sleep at night, but the number of hours required can vary from person to person.

What are some practical steps for getting rid of sleep problems?

Answer: Some practical steps include avoiding sleeping pills, fixing a dedicated sleeping place, not thinking about going to sleep, avoiding stimulating activities before bedtime, and maintaining a consistent sleep schedule.

What are the main explanations for why we dream?

Answer: The main explanations for why we dream include Freud's Theory of Unconscious Wish Fulfillment, Reverse Learning Theory, Dreams-for-Survival Theory, and Activation-Synthesis Theory.

What is hypnosis, and why do people go for hypnotherapy?

Answer: Hypnosis is a state of highly suggestible consciousness. People may choose hypnotherapy for various reasons, such as quitting smoking, pain management, overcoming fears/phobias, and improving performance.

What are the main categories of drugs that induce altered states of consciousness?

Answer: The main categories of drugs that induce altered states of consciousness are stimulants, depressants, narcotics, and hallucinogens.

What are the physiological changes due to meditation?

Answer: Physiological changes due to meditation include decreased heart rate, lowered blood pressure, reduced oxygen usage, and changes in brainwave patterns.

What are the potential effects of drug use?

Answer: The potential effects of drug use include addiction, withdrawal effects, overdose effects, and adverse effects on behavior, cognition, emotions, and perceptions.

Lecture # 20

What is learning?

Answer: Learning is the act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skill, resulting in a relatively permanent change in behavior and frequency of occurrence due to practice or experience.

What are the types of learning in terms of content?

Answer: The types of learning in terms of content are verbal learning, motor learning, and problem-solving.

What is classical conditioning?

Answer: Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes able to elicit a response that was originally caused by another stimulus.

Who conducted the famous experiment with Little Albert?

Answer: John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner conducted the experiment with Little Albert to demonstrate learned fear.

What are the stages of classical conditioning?

Answer: The stages of classical conditioning are acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination, and higher-order

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

Answer: Extinction is the unlearning of a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer: Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction, even though the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

How does generalization occur in classical conditioning?

Answer: Generalization occurs when stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus elicit the same response as the conditioned stimulus.

What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

Answer: Discrimination is the process in which an organism learns to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to similar stimuli.

How is classical conditioning applied in everyday life?

Answer: Classical conditioning is applied in everyday life for advertising, psychotherapy, developing fears or phobias, drug responses, and immune system functioning.

How can classical conditioning be used in school psychology?

Answer: Classical conditioning can be used in school psychology to address school phobia or test fear by creating a pleasant school environment to develop positive feelings about school.

Lecture # 21

What is operant conditioning?

Answer: Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which a voluntary response becomes stronger or weaker depending on its positive or negative consequences.

What are the four possible consequences of any behavior?

Answer: The four possible consequences of any behavior are: Something Good can start or be presented (Positive Reinforcement), Something Good can end or be taken away (Negative Punishment), Something Bad can start or be presented (Positive Punishment), and Something Bad can end or be taken away (Negative Reinforcement).

What is Thorndike's Law of Effect?

Answer: Thorndike's Law of Effect states that any response leading to an outcome that is satisfying for the organism is likely to be repeated, while a response leading to an unsatisfying outcome is not likely to be repeated.

Who is the founder of operant conditioning?

Answer: Burrhus Frederic Skinner (B.F. Skinner) is the founder of operant

What is shaping in operant conditioning?

Answer: Shaping is the process of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired response until the desired response is fully learned.

What is the difference between continuous and partial schedules of reinforcement?

Answer: In continuous schedules, the behavior is reinforced every time it occurs, while in partial schedules, the behavior is reinforced only some of the time.