PSY405 Final Term Past Paper Feb 2024

Psy405 final paper 12-02-2024 by r_m

Psy405 final term 8:00

Mcqs handouts se thy conceptual nahi thy mere.. Kuch mids se thy

.. Factor analysis ka sawal tha kisny bnai or detail.

.. Learning k 3 theorists k naam

Types of reinforcements on the basis of concept of reinforcements. ...frued or Maslow ka difference.. .. Enlist three ways of self study.

Explain Trait theory of personality · Bandura ka sawal tha · Albert Ellis k sawal tha

Albert, Bandura Murray, skinner, Rogers k mcqs zyada thy Psy405 Final Term 8:00 - Psychology*

1. *Factor Analysis*

• Factor analysis is a statistical method used to identify underlying factors that explain patterns of correlations among variables. It was developed by Charles Spearman. This

technique helps in understanding the structure of observed variables and how they relate to latent constructs or factors.

2. *Basic Tenet of Humanistic Psychology*

• The basic tenet of humanistic psychology is the emphasis on the uniqueness and subjective experience of individuals. It focuses on the inherent goodness and potential for personal growth in each person. Humanistic psychology, pioneered by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, values self-actualization and the importance of self-awareness.

3. *Learning Theorists*

- Three key theorists in the field of learning are:

1. *Ivan Pavlov:* Known for classical conditioning, which explores how organisms learn through associations.
2. *B.F. Skinner:* Introduced operant conditioning, emphasizing the role of consequences in shaping behavior.
3. *Albert Bandura:* Proposed social learning theory, highlighting the importance of observational learning and modeling.

4. *Types of Reinforcements*

- Based on the concept of reinforcements, there are two primary types:

1. *Positive Reinforcement:* Involves presenting a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring.
2. *Negative Reinforcement:* Involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

5. *Freud vs. Maslow*

- Sigmund Freud and Abraham Maslow had different perspectives on personality:

• *Freud:* Emphasized the role of unconscious desires and conflicts, dividing the mind into id, ego, and superego.
• *Maslow:* Focused on the hierarchy of needs, suggesting that individuals strive for self-actualization after fulfilling basic needs.

6. *Three Ways of Self-Study*

- Three effective ways of self-study include:

1. *Active Reading:* Engaging with the material by taking notes, summarizing key points, and asking questions.
2. *Self-Testing:* Quiz yourself on the content to reinforce learning and identify areas that need further review.
3. *Teaching Others:* Explaining concepts to someone else enhances understanding and retention.