PSY406 Short Questions Answers

Short Questions:

1. What do you know about accommodation? Explain with the help of an example.

Initially proposed by Jean Piaget, the term accommodation refers to the part of the adaptation process. The process of accommodation involves altering one's existing schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences. New schemas may also be developed during this process.

Consider, for example, how small children learn about different types of animals. A young child may have an existing schema for dogs. She knows that dogs have four legs, so she might automatically believe that all animals with four legs are dogs. When she later learns that cats also have four legs, she will undergo a process of accommodation in which her existing schema for dogs will change and she will also develop a new schema for cats.

2. Narrate the implications of the theory of operant conditioning in educational settings.

3. How would you create a link between autonomy and motivation? Page no.55

4. How does response set create hindrance in transference? Page no.43

Response set on the other hand is the rigidity of response. It is the tendency to response in a familiar way. If a person consumes to react and response in the old, familiar ways, he/she is said to showing a response set. Functional fixedness, the inability to use objects and tools, including knowledge in a new way and response set the rigidity of response pattern are two most significant barriers in the ways of transfer of learning from one situation, or one domain to another situation or domain. Some psychologists distinguish between two levels or kinds of transfer:

a) Low road transfer b) High road transfer

5. Which method is considered more beneficial for exams, weekly or monthly? Justify your answer with examples.

Q6. Define self-regulation? Exemplify that how do you rate your ability of self-regulation?

Self Regulation:

Self-regulation is the process we use to activate and sustain our thoughts, behaviors and emotions in order to reach out goals. In other words what we do to attain our goals in life, including self-learning, learning of new skills, sustaining old skills, self-control and motivating ourselves to attain what we want to attain, is self regulation.

INCOMPLETE

Q7. Amna, a two years old baby girl wants to put her clothes on by herself. Her mother allows her to try until she succeeds or ask for assistance. In which stage of psychology develop (given by Eric Ericson) Amna is passing through. Name that stage and justify it?

•  You can explain this example in your own words following the given below.

Erikson states it is critical that parents allow their children to explore the limits of their abilities within an encouraging environment which is tolerant of failure.

For example, rather than put on a child's clothes a supportive parent should have the patience to allow the child to try until they succeed or ask for assistance. So, the parents need to encourage the child to become more independent while at the same time protecting the child so that constant failure is avoided.

A delicate balance is required from the parent. They must try not to do everything for the child, but if the child fails at a particular task they must not criticize the child for failures and accidents (particularly when toilet training).The aim has to be “self control without a loss of self-esteem.

Q8. Debate about effective teacher, one group of psychologists believe that effective teachers born, other believe they made, In this regard what do u believe, give own opinion?

Effective teacher is a concept related to training, skills, practice, knowledge and interaction between teacher and students. All of these variables make an effective teacher.

Prospective teachers become “effective” teachers through hard work, study and experience.

Thus in my opinion, effective teachers are made.

Q9. Enlist factors which lead to lack of tolerance, Have u experience any of those?

• Emotional pathology of students • Easy access to weapons • Lack of surveillance/supervision in schools • Violence depicted in the media • Violence depicted in the video games

Q10. Are you intrinsically or extrinsically motivated; explain with the example of daily life?

 Extrinsically:

I am motivated extrinsically. Extrinsic motivation is when we are motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity because we want to earn a reward or avoid punishment.

I participate in Annual Sports Gala to win awards. I clean my room to avoid being reprimanded by my parents.

 Intrinsically:

In my daily life, I am motivated intrinsically. Intrinsic motivation is when we engage in a behavior because we find it rewarding. We are performing an activity for its own sake rather than from the desire for some external reward. The behavior itself is its own reward.

I participate in a sport because I find the activity enjoyable. I clean my room because I like tidying up.

Q11. Piaget give four stages of development, Enlist any three of them?

1. Sensorimotor Stage 2) Preoperational Stage 3) Concrete Operational Stage 4) Formal Operational Stage

 For details see page no.8 · 12. Gender Bias with example: · Gender Bias:

Gender bias is the difference in view of males and females that often favors one gender over the other. Gender Bias in the Curriculum: Some school curriculum manifest gender bias. They show preference/ superiority of one gender over the other in Pakistan. There used to be more stories about male characters than about females; in addition, the females tended to be shown in the home, behaving passively and expressing fear or incompetence.

13. Questions about Intelligence:

1- Do we inherit intelligence?

2- Is intelligence acquired?

3- What do you think; is this ability god gifted, or do human beings acquire it in this life times?

4- Or is it his present level of intellectual functioning?

5- Is intelligence to be found in the genes of a person that he inherits from his parental set?

6Or does he acquire by education and experience.

14. Difference b/w stigma and self-fulfilling prophecy:

Stigma:

A stigma is a bad name, a negative label; a name which describes the protagonist in uncomplimentary manner; you may notice that amongst children, amongst adults and amongst public figures also.