PSY502 Lectures 29-30

Sigmund Freud · • The psychoanalytic movement · • The structure of the mind: Id, Ego, Superego · • Dreams and the unconscious · • Defense mechanisms · • Psychoanalysis as a treatment · • Anna Freud, Heinz Hartmann, and Ernst Kris

PART 1: WHO WAS SIGMUND FREUD?

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was an Austrian psychiatrist. Psychiatrist means: a medical doctor who treats mental and emotional disorders. He lived mostly in Vienna and later moved to England. He is famous because he invented psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis means: A method of understanding and treating mental problems by exploring the unconscious mind. Freud started as a medical doctor and researcher. At that time, doctors were using hypnotism to treat mental illness. Hypnotism means: A technique where a person is put into a trance-like state to increase focus and reduce awareness. Freud worked with:

• Jean-Martin Charcot in Paris
• Josef Breuer in Vienna

They treated people with hysteria. Hysteria means: A condition where emotional distress shows up as physical symptoms like paralysis, blindness, or fainting without a physical cause. From these patients, Freud realized something important: 👉 People are not aware of everything that affects their behavior. 👉 There is a hidden part of the mind called the unconscious.

PART 2: THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND The unconscious mind is the part of the mind that holds:

• Forgotten memories
• Repressed wishes
• Fears and desires we do not know we have

Freud believed: Mental illnesses come from conflicts in the unconscious mind. Example: A person is afraid of dogs but does not know why. Deep inside, there may be a childhood memory of being bitten that was pushed out of awareness.

PART 3: STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY – ID, EGO, SUPEREGO Freud said the mind has three main parts.

1. ID The Id is the primitive, emotional, irrational part of the mind. Present at birth

• Wants pleasure
• Wants things NOW

It follows the pleasure principle. Pleasure principle means: "I want what feels good and I want it immediately." Example: A baby cries when hungry. It does not care about time, rules, or others. It just wants milk.

1. EGO The Ego is the rational and realistic part of the mind. Develops as we grow

• Understands reality
• Balances the Id and Superego

It follows the reality principle. Reality principle means: "I know I cannot always get what I want, so I will find a realistic way." Example: You want to eat cake at midnight. Your Id says: " Eat it now." Your Ego says: "I will eat it tomorrow morning so I stay healthy."

1. SUPEREGO The Superego is the moral part of the mind. Develops last

• Learns rules from parents and society
• Tells us what is right and wrong

It has two parts: Ego Ideal – what we SHOULD be

• Conscience – what we should NOT do

Example: Your Superego says: