PSY511 Midterm Highlighted Handouts

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Handouts-PSY511 - higlighted handouts of psy511

clinical psychology (Virtual University of Pakistan)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Handouts-PSY511 - higlighted handouts of psy511

clinical psychology (Virtual University of Pakistan) Lesson 1 What is environmental psychology? Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Theories in environmental psychology Lesson 4 Arousal theories Lesson 5 Stimulus load, behavioral constraint, and adaptation level theories Lesson 6 Environmental stress theories ( ecological theories) Lesson 7 The present framework and future directions in environmental psychology (1) Lesson 8 The present framework of environmental psychology (2) Lesson 9 Elementary psychophysics Lesson 10 Perception and its cognitive basses Lesson 11 Probabilistic functionalism and environmental cognition Lesson 12 Responses to novel environments and environmental cognition Lesson 13 Characteristics of cognitive maps Lesson 14 Environmental evaluation Lesson 15 Environmental evaluation (affective bases of environmental evaluation) Lesson 16 Environmental attitudes Lesson 17 Environmental attitude formation Lesson 18 Social bases of attitudes Lesson 19 Impact of environment on individual (personality development and individual differences) Lesson 20 Murray’s theory of personality development and interactionist perspective Lesson 21 Environmental changes and stress Lesson 22 Stress as cause and effect Lesson 23 Physiology of stress Lesson 24 General adaptation syndrome Lesson 25 Researching stress: the environmental context Lesson 26 Measuring stressors Lesson 27 Measuring stress: psychological assessment Lesson 28 Environmental and cultural variances (conformity) Lesson 29 Attributing behavior to persons and situations Lesson 30 The study of culture Lesson 31 Population and environment Lesson 32 Impact of environment in its incumbents Lesson 33 Urbanization Lesson 34 Problems related to crowding Lesson 35 Impact of population (concentrations among humans) Lesson 36 Crowding & density human experimental studies Lesson 37 Crowding in everyday settings Lesson 38 The built environment and human adjustment Lesson 39 Prisons

Lesson 40 Education environments

Lesson 41 Situational design reconsidered & queuing theory

Lesson 42 Energy use in homes and commercial buildings

Lesson 01 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

Until relatively recently only a few scientists and perhaps fewer public ofcials were concerned with the influence of advancing technology, population growth, and urbanization on the quality of the environment and ultimately on the quality of human existence. Technological advances were hailed for making dramatic improvements in the quality of life and for facilitating the endless search for comfort and luxury, without appreciation of the effects these advances were having on the quality of the environment. The term environment was rarely mentioned in the media and few legislators were making any concerted efforts to pass laws to protect it. Gradually, though, we have become aware of the delicate balance between the quality of the environment and the quality of human life, and we have come to realize that this balance can be easily upset by human actions.

The dangers of acid rain, the fallibility of nuclear power plants, and the difculties in handling and disposing of toxic chemicals are coming to be appreciated. Other stark realizations are also being confronted. Among these are that the pace of suburban sprawl and urban decay is quickening; the depletion of nonrenewable resources is an inevitability; and cheap energy is a thing of the past. Chemicals such as dioxin, formaldehyde, PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl),/ and sulfur dioxide, once found only in the lexicon of scientists, are becoming household words, and heretofore unknown places like Love Canal, Chernobyl, Bhopal, and Three Mile Island are making nearly everyone's list of places they would rather not be. The credible capacity and propensity of humans to misuse and abuse the environment is now painfully apparent. Despite these seeming revelations, though, we have only begun to understand the human role in maintaining the health of the planet, to comprehend the effect of present actions on future outcomes, and to consider alternatives to environmentally destructive behaviors.

But begun we have, and today daily newspapers and the nightly news regularly report the abusive treatment received by our water, land, and air, as well as the rapid depletion of energy resources. Numerous local, state, and federal laws governing the use of our physical environment have been enacted and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been created. Steps are being taken to prevent massive oil spills at sea, to keep blast furnaces from belching ugly smoke and harmful particulates into the atmosphere, to preclude raw sewage and deadly chemicals from being discharged into water, and to forestall the accumulation of mountainous heaps of solid waste. Efforts are also being made to reduce energy consumption, to design buildings to promote human functioning, to plan for urban development, and to establish and preserve wilderness areas.

Despite the accelerated efforts of scientists, engineers, political and spiritual leaders, and the general public, environmental problems are far from being solved. Without doubt there has been increased concern by humans for their environment, but the wherewithal to turn this concern into effective remediating actions has not always been available.

The Environment Debate

There are those who claim that the environment has already received sufcient abuse to render the planet uninhabitable by the twenty-second century. They point with indignation to the number of species that have become extinct in the past 100 years, the desertifcation of once arable lines, the denuding of forests and eutrophication of waters caused by acid rain.