PSY516 Highlighted Handouts by Haalim

Statistics in Psychology (PSY516)

Table of Content

Lesson no.

Title

Page no. Introduction to Statistics-I 1 Introduction to Statistics-II 4 Correlation Method Experimental and Non-experimental Method Introduction to SPSS

Frequency Distribution-I 34 Frequency Distribution-II 40 Measure of Central Tendency-I Measure of Central Tendency-II Measure of Variability-I Measure of Variability-II 61 Z-scores Introduction to Probability-I Introduction to Probability-II Introduction to Probability-III Sampling Distribution Confidence Interval-I Confidence Interval-II Hypothesis Testing-I Hypothesis Testing-II Hypothesis Testing-III Hypothesis Testing-IV T-Test-I T-Test-II Independent Sample T-test-I Independent Sample T-test-II

Repeated Measure T-Test 143 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) One-way ANOVA 156 Two-Way ANOVA-I Two-Way ANOVA-II Correlation Analysis-I Correlation Analysis-II Correlation Analysis-III Types of Correlation-I Introduction To Regression Simple Linear Regression 197 Multiple Linear Regression Non-Parametric Test Chi-Square Test For Independence-I Chi-Square Test For Independence-II Mann-Whitney U-Test Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test Kruskal Wallis & Friedman Test 232

Lesson 1 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS IN PSYCHOLOGY-I

Introduction to Statistics

The study of statistics is gaining recognition in a great many fields. In particular, researchers in the social, behavioral and health sciences note its importance for problem solving and its practical importance in their areas. Statistics is a science that enables us to draw conclusions about various phenomena on the basis of real data collected on sample-basis. It is a tool for databased research and also known as Quantitative Analysis. It is the science of collecting and learning from data. It is a branch of mathematics concerned with the collection, classification, analysis, and interpretation of numerical facts, for drawing inferences on the basis of their quantifiable likelihood (probability). Statistics also allows the researcher to interpret grouped data, too large to be intelligible by ordinary observation. Statistics has a lot of application in a wide variety of disciplines i.e. Agriculture, Anthropology, Astronomy, Biology, Economic, Engineering, Environment, Geology, Genetics, Medicine, Physics, Psychology, Sociology, Zoology…. Virtually every single subject from Anthropology to Zoology …. A to Z! Any scientific enquiry in which you would like to base your conclusions and decisions on reallife data, you need to employ statistical techniques. Now a days, in the developed countries of the world, there is an active movement for Statistical Literacy.

Defining Statistics

The term statistics refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information. One goes through the four stages of statistics:

1. Collection of data,
2. Organizing and summarizing the data,
3. Analysis of data, and
4. Making inferences, or decisions and predictions.

Stage four is the core objective of statistics in psychology, i.e., making inferences about a population based on information contained in a representative sample taken from that population. Statistics consist of facts and figures such as average income, crime rate, birth rate, baseball batting averages, and so on. These statistics are usually informative and time saving because they condense large quantities of information into a few simple figures.