PSY631 Final Term Notes

psy631 notes final term · By Hanzla Ahmed · solo.to/Hanzla

The Binet Scale: French psychologist Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, in 1905 in France, developed the first formal measure of intelligence. The purpose of their scale was to assist the education ministry and department in identifying “dull” students in the Paris school system, so that they could be provided remedial assistance or training. They felt that the children’s performance could be used as an indicator of their intelligence. In other words, they believed that intelligence can be measured in terms of performance of a child.

The 1908 Scale: The 1908 scale was similar to the 1905 scale in that it was an age scale that retained the principle of age differentiation. The concept of mental age was introduced in this revision. The performance of a test taker was compared with the average performance of other persons of the same chronological age, as discussed earlier. The standardization sample for this revision included 203 individuals.

The Concept of Intelligence Quotient or IQ: As a result of problems with depending merely on mental age, a solution was devised in terms of intelligent quotient, a concept whereby the chronological age of the person is also given due consideration. It is an indicator of intelligence that takes into consideration a person’s mental as well as chronological age. The formula for IQ is: IQ score= MA/ CA x 100 IQ= mental age/ chronological age X 100 = IQ , aasasd

The 1972 Revision: In 1972 an improved normative sample was taken which comprised 2100 subjects. The sample included nonwhites as well. About 100 subjects for each StanfordBinet age level were included. Still the sample was criticized for not taking enough non-whites. The 1986 Version: (The Stanford Binet: 4th Edition): This version of the Binet Scale overcame the problems for which it was criticized. A standardization sample of 5000 subjects was used. The subjects belonged to 47 states of the U.S. and the District of Columbia. Geographic region, community size, ethnic group, age, and gender were considered for stratification of the sample.

The following content areas are covered in the latest scale:

1. Verbal reasoning
2. abstract/ visual reasoning
3. quantitative reasoning
4. short- term memory

The subtests of the scale are as follows:

1. Verbal reasoning

i. Vocabulary ii. Comprehension iii. Absurdities iv. Verbal relations

2. Abstract/ visual reasoning

i. Pattern analysis ii. Copying iii. Matrices iv. Paper folding and cutting

3. Quantitative reasoning

i. Quantitative subtest ii. Number series iii. Equation building

4. Short- term memory

i. Bead memory ii. Memory of sentences iii. Memory of digits iv. Memory of objects The Wechsler Scales: The Wechsler scales are perhaps the most commonly used intelligence tests. These were developed by psychologist David Wechsler. Three Wechsler intelligence tests that are available to us at present are: i. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: third edition or WAIS-III: this scale is meant for ages 16 years to 89 years ii. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: third edition or WISC-III: this scale is meant for children aged 6 to 16 iii. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised or WPPSI-R: this scale is for children aged 3 years to 7 years three months.

The Meaning of IQ Test Scores: The commonly followed standards of interpreting IQ scores are as follows:

IQ score Rating < 70 Retarded Average Above 140 Gifted

Above 115 Superior

. K-ABC: Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (Kaufman & Kaufman, 1983) ii. K-BIT: Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (Kaufman & Kaufman, 1990) iii. KAIT: Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Scale (Kaufman & Kaufman , 1993)

Alternative Formulations: These include: Moral intelligence

Emotional intelligence

: Moral Intelligence: Given by Coles (1997) and Hass (1998)