SOC101 Final Term Updated Handouts 2023

Lesson-19

TYPES OF CRIME-II

Types of crime: victimless crime Crime against people: Murder, rape, personal assault, child abuse, harassment Crimes against property: Computer crime, organized crime The emergence and importance of law

Topic-103: Victimless Crime

Public order crimes, sometimes known as victimless crimes, include prostitution, unlawful gambling, and the usage of illicit drugs. The typical citizen feels significantly less concerned by these crimes since there is no obvious victim. However, a lot of people contend that these crimes do not have no victims because they disturb social order and jeopardize society's moral fabric, which causes harm to all members of society. All cultures institutionalize means to restrain criminals, according to Émile Durkheim, who also recognized that crime is a regular aspect of all society. One of the most intricate and sophisticated criminal justice systems in the world was developed in the United States as a result of societal concerns about crime and efforts to punish offenders. Law enforcement, the courts, and corrections are the three main components of the criminal justice system (Thompson and Hickey 2016).

Topic-104: Crime against people: Murder, Rape, Personal Assault, Child Abuse, Harassment

Crimes against persons are those in which there is direct or implied threat or use of force against another. These crimes include murder and manslaughter, which are both defined as the intentional killing of one person by another. An unlawful attack by one person on another with the intent to cause serious or grievous physical injury is referred to as an aggravated assault. Robbery, taking or attempting to remove anything of value from a person or individuals' care, custody, or control by force, threat of force, or violence, and/or creating fear in the victim are examples of forced rape.

Topic-105: Crimes Against Property: Computer Crime, Organized Crime

Even though violent crimes cause the most fear in individuals, they are considerably more likely to result in victimization than property crimes, which happen much more frequently. The most serious property offenses include burglary, which is defined as "unlawful entry with the intent to steal," larceny-theft, which is defined as "the theft of anything valued at over $100," motor theft, and arson, which is defined as "intentionally setting a fire."

Cyber-Crime

The current development in information technology has significantly aided global organized crime. On the one hand, technological development has provided fascinating inventive prospects, but on the other, it has increased crime vulnerability. While the scope of cyber-crime is difficult to assess, it is defined as illegal acts carried out with the aid of information technology.

Topic-106: The Emergence and Importance of Law

Early human cultures used law as a method to control behaviour and settle disputes. Customs and traditions served as the foundation for the first types of law, which were frequently enforced informally. To enforce rules and punish offenders, formal legal systems emerged as civilizations got more sophisticated. In contemporary countries, the protection of individual rights and the advancement of social order are important functions of law. The legal framework in Pakistan is a synthesis of British common law and Islamic law (Sharia). The criminal and civil laws are both part of the Pakistani legal system.

Lesson-20

FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL MECHANISMS

Formal social control mechanisms: criminal justice system Criminal justice system: the police Criminal justice system: the court Criminal justice system: the prison Crime in Pakistan

Topic-107: Formal Social Control Mechanism: Criminal Justice System

In complex societies, formal social control mechanisms are crucial for upholding social order and policing behaviour. One of the most significant institutional systems for social control is the criminal justice system. The police, courts, and correctional facilities are only a few of the entities that make up the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system's goal is to uphold the law and punish those who break it. The state's power and authority are fundamentally dependent on the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is a topic of constant discussion and criticism, especially in relation to questions of bias and impartiality.

Topic-108: Criminal Justice System: The Police

The criminal justice system's most obvious and immediate connection to the general population is through police officers. They assume main accountability for enforcing the law. The police have two key responsibilities: to apprehend offenders and to uphold law and order in an effort to reduce crime. Police officers spend a lot more time in the second job than they do in the first, despite the media's emphasis on the "crime-fighter" image of police work. Since the 1960s, technical advancements have made it possible to have more complex communication and monitoring systems, squad cars that are better equipped, and more advanced weapons. Of course, greater technology has also benefited thieves. Many local leaders have highlighted the need to reemphasize police-community ties in light of these and other events. Thus, in an effort to rebuild community trust and collaboration in the early 1990s, many cities adopted community policing tactics and reassigned police officers to walk beats. In practically every American city today, community policing is a significant component of law enforcement (Thompson and Hickey 2016).

Topic-109: Criminal Justice System: The Courts

Despite the fact that every criminal has a right to a day in court, over 90% of criminal cases are settled before a trial ever begins. Instead, prosecuting attorneys for the state and defence attorneys for the accused typically negotiate a plea bargain in which the defendant consents to enter a guilty plea to a charge that is typically less serious than the one that was initially brought. Criminal court dockets are backed up even with only 10% of cases proceeding to trial, and it may take a year or more for a case to be tried. In the court phase of criminal justice, judges are crucial. When accepting pleas, admitting evidence, guiding juries, and determining punishments for individuals found guilty of crimes, they have a considerable degree of discretion. Due to the fact that they make up jurors in court proceedings, ordinary persons play a significant part in this area of the criminal justice system as well. If a defendant is found guilty or enters a plea agreement in a criminal matter, the judge or jury will determine the criminal's sentence. The third and last stage of the criminal justice system, corrections, now officially starts (Thompson and Hickey 2016).