SOC101 Short Notes Set 4

SOC101 Short Notes ( )

ABSOLUTE POVERTY:

Poverty as defined in terms of the minimal requirements necessary to afford minimal standards of food, clothing, health care and shelter.

BUREAUCRACY:

A formal organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority, the existence of written rules of procedure, staffed by full-time salaried officials, and striving for the efficient attainment of organizational goals.

CAPITALISM:

An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution in which the goal is to produce profit.

ACHIEVED STATUS:

A position attained through personal ability and effort.

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION:

Government programs intended to assure minorities and women of equal hiring or admission opportunities.

AGE STRUCTURE:

The relative proportions of different age categories in a population.

AIR POLLUTION:

Refers to the contamination of the atmosphere by noxious substances

ARRANGED MARRIAGE:

Marriage based on the family ties rather than the couple's personal preferences.

ASCRIBED STATUS

A social position that is given at birth (such as race or sex).

CAPITALISTS

Those who own companies, or stocks and shares, using these to generate economic returns or profits.

CARRYING CAPACITY

The number of a species that a particular ecosystem can support without suffering irreversible deterioration

CRUDE DEATH-RATE

A statistical measure representing the number of deaths per thousand population that occur annually in a given population. CULTURAL LAG : A dysfunction in the sociocultural system caused by change occurring in one part of the system and the failure of another part of that system to adjust to the change. An example would be married women engaged in outside employment and the continuance of the domestic division of labor. CULTURAL SUPERSTRUCTURE : Sociocultural materialism term used to refer to the shared symbolic universe within sociocultural systems. It includes such components as the art, music, dance, rituals, sports, hobbies and the accumulated knowledge base of the system

CULTURAL TRANSMISSION:

The socialization process whereby the norms and values of the group are internalized by

CULTURE:

The values, norms and material goods shared by a given group. Your instructor prefers to restrict the term to refer to symbolic aspects (values and norms).

CULTURE OF POVERTY:

The view that the poor have a different value system that contribute to their poverty.

ECONOMY:

The organization of production and distribution of goods and services within a sociocultural system.

EDUCATION:

The transmission of knowledge to members of society. The knowledge passed on is in the form of technical and cultural knowledge, technical and social skills, as well as the norms and values of the society.

EDUCATION SYSTEM:

The system of formalized transmission of knowledge and values operating within a given society.

EGALITARIAN FAMILY:

Family arrangement in which power is shared more-or less equally by both the wife and the husband.

EMIGRATION:

The movement of people out of their native land to other countries.

ENDOGAMY:

A system in which an individual may only marry within the same social category or group.

ENVIRONMENT:

The physical, biological and chemical restraints to which action is subject.

ETHNOCENTRISM

The tendency to judge other cultures by the standards one's own culture.

FECUNDITY:

The number of children which is biologically possible for a woman to produce.