SOC611 Complete Handouts

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT I- SCOPE AND DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY…………………….1

1. 1 Defining Criminology……………………………………………………………….3
2. 2 Nature and Scope of Criminology…………………………………………………..3
3. 3 Significance of Criminology………………………………………………………...4
4. 4 Definitions Important Terms………………………………………………………...8
5. 5 Inter-Relation between Criminology Penology and Criminal Law…………………9
6. 6 Criminology and Criminal Justice System………………………………………...10
7. 7 Historical Development of Criminology…………………………………………..11

Section 2- Early Explanations of Criminology-Schools of Thought…………………15

2. 1 Pre-Classical School of Criminology………………………………………………...16
3. 2 The Classical School…………………………………………………………………17
4. 3 Neo-Classical School……………………………………………………………….. 25
5. 4 Positive School………………………………………………………………………27
6. 5 Clinical School of Criminology……………………………………………………...37
7. 6 Sociological School of Criminology…………………………………………………38
8. 7 The Modern Criminology……………………………………………………………38

UNIT II- THEORIES OF CAUSATION OF CRIME……………………………… 43

Section 1-Biological Theories of Crime……………………………………………….44

1. 1 Genetics and Criminality…………………………………………………………….45
2. 2 Constitutional (Body Type) Determinants………………………………………….. 47
3. 3. Constitutional Interactionist View…………………………………………………. 49

Section .2.Psychological Theories of Crime…………………………………………...51

2. 1. Criminal Thinking Patterns………………………………………………………….52 ii
3. 2. Personality Defects………………………………………………………………….53
4. 3. Psychoanalytic Explanations………………………………………………………..53

Section 3- Sociological Theories of Crime…………………………………………….57

3. 1. Structural Explanations……………………………………………………………...57
4. 2. Sub-Cultural Explanations………………………………………………………….60
5. 3. Multiple Factor Approach…………………………………………………………..64
6. 4. Crimes in Urban and Rural Areas………………………………………………….. 72
7. 5 Neighborhood influences……………………………………………………………73

Section.4. Social-Psychological Theories of Crime …………………………………..74

4. 1. Control Theories…………………………………………………………………….75
5. 2. Learning Theories…………………………………………………………………..78

UNITIII- THE TYPOLOGIES AND MEASUREMENT OF CRIME…………….. 85

Section 1The Typologies of Crime-A General Overview…………………………...85 Section.2. Victimless-Crimes or Public Order Crimes………………………………90

2. 1. Definition and Nature…………………………………………………………….90
3. 2. Justification and Limitation for Criminalizing Victimless Crimes…………………93
4. 3. Decriminalization of Public Order Crimes………………………………………….94

Section 3- Juvenile Delinquency……………………………………………………...101

3. 1. Definition…………………………………………………………………………..101
4. 2. Theoretical Perspectives on Juvenile Delinquency………………………………...101
5. 3. Juvenile Delinquency as a Male Phenomenon……………………………………..104
6. 4. Risk factors………………………………………………………………………...105
7. 5. Delinquency Prevention……………………………………………………………107

Section 4 White-Collar Crime……………………………………………………..107

4. 1. Defining White Collar Crime………………………………………………………108
5. 2. Relationship to Other Types of Crime……………………………………………..109
6. 3. Principles of Liability and Defences……………………………………………….110 iii

Section.5. Organized/Organizational Crime……………………………………..111

5. 1 Definition and Scope……………………………………………………………....111
6. 2 Organized and International Crime………………………………………………...113
7. 3 Corporate Crime…………………………………………………………………….115
8. 4 Political Crime…………………………………………………………………….. 122

Section 6- Other Important Categories of Crime………………………………….. 123

6. 1. Crimes against International Law………………………………………………….123
7. 2. Newest Crimes……………………………………………………………………..126

Section 7-Measurement of crime……………………………………………………. 129 · UNIT IV- VICTIMS, VICTIMIZATION AND VICTIMOLOGY · AND RESTORATIVE JUSTICE…………………………………………………….137 · Section1. Crime Victims………………………………………………………………138

1. 1 Types of Victims……………………………………………………………………138
2. 2 Psychological Consequences affecting Crime victims……………………………..139
3. 3 Reluctance of Victims to Report Crimes…………………………………………...139

Section.2. Victimization……………………………………………………………….141

2. 1. Definition and Nature……………………………………………………………...141
3. 2. Theories of Victim Blaming……………………………………………………….142
4. 3. Victimization and Its Effects……………………………………………………... 143

Section.3. Victimology………………………………………………………………...149

3. 1. Definition and Scope……………………………………………………………….149
4. 2. Victimology and Its Variants………………………………………………………150

Section 4- Restorative Justice………………………………………………………...154

4. 1. Definition of Restorative Justice…………………………………………………...154
5. 2. Historical Foundations of Restorative Justice……………………………………...155
6. 3. Three principles form the foundation for restorative justice……………………....156