STA630 Final Term Solved Subjective with References by Kamran

Q65. How would you differentiate between History Effect and Mechanical Loss in Experimental research? (3 marks)

History Effect:

A specific event in the external environment occurring between the first and second measurement that is beyond the control of the experimenter and that affects the validity of an experiment. Advertisement of a particular product (mineral water) and its sale is affected by an event in the society (contamination of drinking water). The researcher does not have control on such happenings which have an impact on the X and Y relationship

Mechanical Loss:

A problem may be experienced due to equipment failure. For example, in an experiment if the subjects are told that their behavior is being video taped, and during the experiment the video equipment failed to work for some subjects, then the validity of the results could become doubtful.

Q66. Write a note on any three varieties of non reactive observations. (5 marks)

Physical Traces:

• Erosion: Wear and tear suggests a greater use.
• Accretion: Accumulation of physical evidence suggests behavior.

Archives:

• Running Records: Regularly produced public records may reveal lot of information.
• Other Records: Irregular or private records can reveal a lot.

Observations:

• External Appearance: How people appear may indicate social factors.
• Count Behaviors: Counting how many people do something can be informative.

• Time Duration: How long people take to do things may indicate their intention

Q41. Defend the use of the term inductive to describe qualitative data analysis and interpretation. (5 marks)

In inductive term answers should address methodological characteristics such as data collection and coding, developing categories and patterns, and interpreting relationships across patterns.

Q42. Briefly discuss the Solomon s Four Group Design in experimental research with the help of example? (5 marks)

Solomon’s Four Group Design: to gain more confidence in internal validity in experimental designs, it is advisable to set up two experimental groups and two control groups. One experimental group and one control group can be given the both pretest and the posttest. The other two groups will be given only the posttest. Here the effects of treatment can be calculated in several different ways as shown

Group Pretest Treatment Posttest

Experimental O1 X O2

Control O3 - O4

Experimental - X O5

Control - - O6

1. Involvement with deviants is the Ethical dilemma of field Research how would explain (Marks 3) Page 140

Ethical Dilemmas of Field research

The direct personal involvement of a field researcher in the social lives of other people raises many ethical dilemmas. The dilemmas arise when the researcher is alone in the field and has little time to make a moral decision. Although he or she may be aware of general ethical issues before entering the field, they arise unexpectedly in the course of observing and interacting in the field.

2) How Researchers locate evidence in historical comparative research (Marks 3) Ch.No. 41

Data and Evidence in Historical context

Historical-comparative researchers draw on four types historical evidence or data:

1. Primary sources; · 2. Secondary sources; · 3. Running records; and

4. Recollections.

Traditional historians rely heavily on primary sources. H-C researchers often use secondary sources or the different data types in combination.

3. 3) Does historical comparative Research follow scientific approach or not Discuss (Marks 5) Ch.No. 41

Historical-Comparative research follows scientific approach because of the following reasons:

• Can be a survey of events in history – could be through the study of documents. Organizations generally document themselves, so if one is studying the development of some organization he/she should examine its official documents: charters, policy statements, speeches by the leaders, and so on. Often, official government documents provide the data needed for analysis.
• Historical-Comparative researchers mostly do a longitudinal analysis i.e. look into the developmental processes of the issues under reference.
• Historical –Comparative researchers make cross-cultural comparisons of the social forms or economic form as well as the developmental processes of those forms, aiming at making generalizations.

4. 4) Briefly explain the important of measurement and coding in non Research with the help of example (Marks 5) Pag.99 Ch.29