STA630 Final Term Subjective by VU Explorer

variable), outcome (dependent variable), control group, and random assignment of subjects to minimize biases.

### Q#2 Steps for fieldwork

**Answer**: The steps for fieldwork include: 1) Preparation, which involves planning the research design and logistics; 2) Data Collection, gathering data through observations, surveys, or interviews in the field; 3) Data Analysis, analyzing the collected data to draw conclusions; and 4) Reporting, presenting the findings in a structured format.

### Q#3 What do you understand by the term exclusive and exhaustive?

**Answer**: Exclusive means each data point fits into one and only one category, ensuring no overlap. Exhaustive means all possible data points are covered by the categories, ensuring completeness. Together, they ensure data categorization is clear and comprehensive.

### Q#4 Quasi-experiment design

**Answer**: Quasi-experiment design lacks random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups. It uses existing groups and conditions, making it more practical in real-world settings where randomization is not feasible. This design helps assess causal relationships despite potential confounding variables.

### Q#5 Loaded question and burdensome question difference

**Answer**: A loaded question contains a controversial or unjustified assumption, potentially leading respondents toward a particular answer (e.g., " Have you stopped cheating?"). A burdensome question demands excessive recall or detailed information that may be difficult for respondents to provide, making it challenging to answer accurately.

### Q#6 Difference between structured and unstructured interview

**Answer**: A structured interview uses a predefined set of questions with fixed answers, ensuring consistency and comparability of responses. An unstructured interview is more flexible, allowing the interviewer to explore topics in depth based on the respondent's answers, providing richer qualitative data.

### Q#7 Explain Contrived non-contrived

**Answer**: Contrived settings are artificial environments created by researchers to control variables and manipulate conditions. Non-contrived settings are natural environments where phenomena occur naturally without manipulation, allowing for observation of genuine behaviors and interactions.

### Q#8 Explain Fieldwork

**Answer**: Fieldwork is the process of collecting data outside of a laboratory, library, or workplace setting. It involves direct interaction with subjects or phenomena in their natural environment, using methods like observations, interviews, and surveys to gather authentic data.

### Q#9 Explain Scale and indexes

variables into a single score. ### Q#10 Explain Pre-testing and Post-testing

**Answer**: Pre-testing involves conducting a trial run before the main study to refine data collection instruments or procedures. Post-testing is conducted after the intervention to assess its effects, comparing pre-intervention and postintervention results to determine impact.

### Q#11 Experimental

**Answer**: An experimental study involves manipulating one or more independent variables to observe their effect on a dependent variable, typically with random assignment of subjects to control and experimental groups. This design helps establish causality by controlling extraneous variables.

### Q#12 Probability and non-probability

**Answer**: Probability sampling ensures every member of the population has a known and equal chance of being selected, enhancing representativeness. Nonprobability sampling does not ensure equal chances for all members, often used when probability sampling is impractical, and may introduce bias.

### Q#13 Pretest-posttest

**Answer**: A pretest-posttest design measures the dependent variable before and after the treatment or intervention. This approach helps assess the effect of the intervention by comparing changes in the dependent variable from preintervention to post-intervention, indicating the treatment's impact.

### Q#14 Method of conducting research