ZOO201 Updated Handouts 2022

Table of Contents:

Lesson 01 Topic 1 to 4 Lesson 02 Topic 5 to 12 Lesson 03 General Features of Protosomes and Deuterostomes Topic 13 to 19 Lesson 04 Kingdom Protozoa Topic 20 to 29 Lesson 05 Multicellular Organization: Phylum Porifera Topic 30 to 37 Lesson 06 Phylum Cnidaria: The Coelenterates Topic 38 to 45 Lesson 07 Phylum Ctenophora Topic 46 to 47 Lesson 08 Triploblastic Acoelomate Organization: The Flat Worms Topic 48 to 50 Lesson 09 Class Turbellaria: Free living Flatworms Topic 51 to 53 Lesson 10 Class Trematoda: The Flukes Topic 54 to 57 Lesson 11 Class Cestoidea: The Tapeworms Topic 58 to 61 Lesson 12 Phylum Nemertea and Gastrotricha with evolutionary perspective Topic 62 to 64 Lesson 13 Pseudocoelomate Organization Topic 65 to 68 Lesson 14 Phylum Nematoda Topic 69 to 72 Lesson 15 Some Important Nematode Parasites of Humans Topic 73 to 77 Lesson 16 Molluscan Success Topic 78 to 79 Lesson 17 Class Gastropoda Topic 80 to 84 Lesson 18 Class Bivalvia Topic 85 to 89 Lesson 19 Class Cephalopoda Topic 90 to 94 Lesson 20 Annelids: The Segmented Worms Topic 95 to 97 Lesson 21 Class Polychaeta Topic 98 to 103 Lesson 22 Class Oligochaeta Topic 104 to 109 Lesson 23 Class Hirudinea Topic 110 to 116 Lesson 24 Arthropods: Blueprint for Success Topic 117 to 119 Lesson 25 General Characteristics and External Features of Arthropods Topic 120 to 130 Lesson 26 Sub phylum Trilobitomorpha and Chelicerata Topic 131 to 133 Lesson 27 Class Arachnida Topic 134 to 144 Lesson 28 The Crustaceans Topic 145 to 157 Lesson 29 Lesser known Classes of Sub Phylum Chelicerata and Crustaceans Topic 158 to 162 Lesson 30 The Myriapods Topic 163 to 165 Lesson 31 Class Hexapoda: External Structures and Locomotion Topic 166 to 170 Lesson 32 Gaseous Exchange, Nutrition and Circulation in Insects Topic 171 to 173 Lesson 33 Thermoregulation in Insects Topic 174 to 176 Lesson 34 Nervous and Sensory Functions in Insects Topic 177 to 188 Lesson 35 Types of Pheromones Topic 189 to 194 Lesson 36 Reproduction and Development in insects Topic 195 to 204 Lesson 37 Insect Behavior and Social insects Topic 205 to 208 Lesson 38 Economic Importance of Insects Topic 209 to 214 Lesson 39 The Echinoderms: General Features and Characteristics Topic 215 to 222 Lesson 40 Class Asteroidea Topic 223 to 235 Lesson 41 Class Ophiuroidea Topic 236 to 244 Lesson 42 Class Echinoidea Topic 245 to 252 Lesson 43 Class Holothuroidea Topic 253 to 261 Lesson 44 Class Crinoidea and Concentrocycloidea Topic 262 to 266 Lesson 45 Lesser Invertebrates Topic 267 to 270

Lesson 01

Topic- 001: Patterns of organization:

Asymmetry: Absence of a central point or axis around which body parts are equally distributed e.g Protists and many sponges. Symmetry: It describes how parts of an animal are arranged around a point or an axis.

Two types 1. Radial symmetry 2. Bilateral symmetry Other patterns of Organization:

1. Unicellular organization
2. Diploblastic organization (a. two germ layered gastrula)
3. Triploblastic organization (b. three germ layered gastrula)

I. The Triploblastic Acoelomate Pattern II. The Triploblastic Pseudocoelomate III. The Triploblastic Coelomate

Topic- 002: Invertebrate Taxonomy:

Taxonomy helps us categorize organisms so we can more easily communicate biological information. In this lecture, the following topics of animal systematics are discussed:

What is binomial nomenclature?

Rules for writing scientific name. Robert H. Whittaker’s system of classification Evolutionary conservation Studies of ribosomal RNA have led systematics to the conclusions that all life shares a common ancestor and that there are three major evolutionary lineages. Archaea: The Archaea are prokaryotic microbes that live in extreme environments Eubacteria:True bacteria, prokaryotic microorganisms. Eukarya: The Eukarya include all eukaryotic organisms.

Topic – 003: Animal Systematics:

Animal systematics is the comparative analysis of living and fossil species, including their discovery, description, evolutionary relationships to other species and patterns of geographic distribution. Following groups are used in animal classification: