ZOO201 and ZOO103 Practical Points

Table of Contents

Euglena 10 Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

Amoeba 11 Phylum Rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis)

Entamoeba 12 Phylum Nematoda (Round worms)

Plasmodium 13 Phylum Mollusca

Trypanosoma 14 Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms)

Paramecium caudatum 15 Phylum Arthropoda

Paramecium as Representative of Animal like Protists 16 Phylum Echinodermata

Sponges and Their Various Body Forms 17 Plasmodium, Entamoeba Histolytic,

Leishmania Trypanosoma

Phylum Cnidaria (Phylum Coelenterate)

Porifera- sponges

Sponges

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Porifera

Order

Dictyoceratida

Examples

Bath sponge (Spongia officinalis) light gray to black Calcareous Sponges. Calcareous sponges are the most primitive sponges, the only class of sponges that includes asconoid and synconoid varieties. Glass Sponges. Demospongiae.

Habitat

Aquatic, Freshwater, mostly marine

Nutrition

filter feeders (digest food within cells) Food passes from collar cells to food vacuoles to ameboid cells (Ameboid cells have two functions: engulf and digest food as well as secrete a material that helps to keep the sponge flexible) both sexually and asexually. asexually by 1) external or internal buds 2) Fragmentation 2)regeneration 4)gemmule formation Sexually: The male sponge releases the sperm into the water which enters the body of the female sperm. Fertilization takes place inside the body of the female sponge after which larvae released to the water.

Movement

They are sessile Vary in size, shape, color

Multicellular but lack organized tissues

Have cellular level of organization

Outer layer of cells made of flattened epidermal cells (contractile fibers)

Middle layer of cells is semifluid matrix (ameboid cells)

Inner layer has flagellated cells called collar cells

The flagella on collar cells produce water currents that flow through pores into central cavity out the osculum

Body types: Sponges have three body types: asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid. Asconoid sponges are tubular with a central shaft called the spongocoel. The beating of choanocyte flagella forces water into the spongocoel through pores in the body wall

Cnidaria

Cnidaria due to the presence of cnidoblasts or cnidocytes on the tentacles and body surface. They contain stinging capsules called nematocysts

Cnidarians

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Cnidaria (also known as phylum Coelenterata)

Order

Semaeostomeae (jellyfishes) Anthoathecata (hydra)

Examples

sea anemones

jellyfishes: Sea nettles (Chrysaora fuscescens) hydra (Hydra vulgaris)

corals

Habitat

Except for hydra (freshwater organism), all the other cnidarians are marine

Nutrition

Cnidarians are carnivores, and some can also consume plant matter.

catch their food using their nematocysts or through filter feeding

asexual by budding or sexual using gametes

Depending on the species, cnidarians can be monoecious or dioecious.

both internal and external fertilisation

Movement

two body shapes: 1) Polyp: sessile as adult. 2) Medusa: motile and swim by jet propulsion Radially symmetrical or spiral symmetry and have appendages that help them meet their nourishment two body shapes: 1) Polyp: They are sessile. They have arms and mouth at the top. 2) Medusa: They are motile with arms and mouth at the base.

Multicellular, tubular, or bell-shaped animals found in shallow coastal waters

tissue level of organization