ZOO507 Final Term Past Papers by Kainat Alvi

PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY (ZOO507) · CURRENT MIDTERM PAPER FALL 2023(12-DEC) · SHORT QUESTIONS(3) · 1. Natural sources of Acid Rain

o Volcanic emissions o Wildfires o Lighting o Decaying vegetation

2. Coniferous Forests Climate :

Climate is cold. Long and harsh Winters is for more than six months. Mean annual temperature is below 0°C,

3. Climate of Temperate Deciduous Forests :

These forests occur in the areas of moderate climatic conditions such as Annual rainfall is 75 to 150 cm, Winter lasts for four to six months, Temperature ranges between 10 to 20°C.

4. Distribution of marine ecosystem

Marine ecosystem covers nearly 71 % of the earth’s surface with an average depth of about 4000 m. Fresh water rivers eventually empty into ocean. Salinity of open sea is 3.6% is quite constant. Sodium and chlorine-86% of the sea salt and the rest is due other elements such as sulphur, magnesium, potassium and calcium.

5. Climate of marine ecosystem

Temperatures in the ocean range from just around freezing at the pole and in the deep waters, to tropical clear waters that are as warm as a bathtub. The average temperature of all oceans is about 39°F (4°C). Heat from the sun warms only the surface of the water. Deep down, oceans everywhere are cold and dark.

6. Sand Dunes:

Extensive areas of undulating sand dunes, absence of cultivation and extensive semi desert.

Thal desert, Thar and Cholistan desert, Nuski and Chagai sund dunes areas.

7. Ecosphere

• largest and nearly self sufficient biological system Including all living organisms of earth interacting with the physical environment (Lithosphere-the Soil, Hydrosphere-water, Atmosphere-air whereas Biosphere- life zone of the earth)

Ecosphere = Biosphere + Lithosphere + Hydrosphere + Atmosphere)

8. Define ecology and geology

Ecology (from Greek word: οἶκος, “house”, or “environment“ and logos means “study of”) 2. Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment

Geology is the scientific study of the Earth’s solid materials, including rocks, minerals, and the processes that shape the Earth’s structure.

9. Scope Of Ecology

o all organisms living on Earth o all physical and chemical surroundings. o for this reason, the field is usually divided into different levels of study including: organismal ecology, population ecology, community ecology and ecosystem ecology.

10. Branches of Ecology

o Applied ecology, (includes agroecology and conservation biology) o Biogeochemistry o Biogeography o Conservation ecology o Ecological succession o Evolutionary ecology o Functional ecology, o Global ecology o Marine ecology, and fresh water ecology o Microbial ecology o Paleoecology o Restoration ecology plan

Decomposers

Feed on dead and decayed plants or animals. Make up the final tropic level in food chain. They decompose the dead and decay matter and helps in recycling the nutrients.

They are classified into two class

1. Micro-Decomposers: bacteria’ fungi’ protozoa
2. Macro-Decomposers: earth worm’ nematodes’ molluscals

Difference b/w directly and indirectly available resources.

Directly available resources are those that can be readily accessed and utilized by organisms without the need for any additional processing or conversion. Examples include sunlight, air, water, and food sources like fruits or nuts.

Indirectly available resources, on the other hand, require some form of processing or conversion before they can be used by organisms. Examples include wood that needs to be converted into fuel or building materials, minerals that need to be extracted and refined, or agricultural crops that need to be harvested and processed before they can be consumed.

How the abundance of ozone in stratosphere and troposphere determined?

Ozone abundances in the stratosphere and troposphere are determined by,

o Amount of reactive gases o Sunlight intensity o Temperature

Causes of global warming

o Pollution from coal, natural gas and oil o Carbon dioxide from airplanes and vehicles o Population increase o Deforestation

Effect of global warming

Global warming means that the Earth is getting hotter because of human activities. When the Earth gets hotter, it causes problems like rising sea levels, really hot days, and changes in weather patterns. It can also hurt animals and plants by changing where they live and making it harder for them to survive.

What are the Salient features of Baluchistan desert scrub forest .

Baluchistan Desert Scrub Forests:

Usually associated with higher hills, stony plateaus. Very cold winters, no monsoon influence but occasional winter and spring showers. Typified by Northern Kalat, lower parts of Suleiman hills, most of the Balochistan valleys, Kurram valley, most of Waziristan. Heavily overgrazed.

Fauna: Hill fox, Balochistan race of Black bear, Hyaena, Leopard, Marbled Pole Cat, caracal Cat, Urial, Goitred Gazella, Tibetan Hare, porcupine, Migratory Hamster, Bolachistan Gerbil

Pakistan National Animal Markhor

o The markhor-national animal of Pakistan. o Pakistan’s national animal, “Markhor” symbol of bravery and sharp intelligence. o Haven’t any fear during prey and jump from the peak of the mountain to the base. o It was one of the 72 animals featured on the WWF Conservation Coin Collection in 1976. o Markhor is the National animal of Pakistan. o Scientific name: Capra felconeri felconeri

IDA

o U.S.-based International Dark Sky Association (IDA), formed in 1988 to preserve the natural night sky o In 2017, the IDA approved the first U.S. dark sky reserve o December of 2018, IDA lists thirteen dark sky reserves on their site.

Radioactive contamination

• Also called radiological contamination, is the deposition of, or presence of radioactive substances on surfaces or within solids, liquids or gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable

Radioactivity

“Radioactivity is a phenomenon of spontaneous emission of protons (alpha particles), electrons (beta particles) and gamma rays (short wave electromagnetic waves) due to the disintegration of atomic nuclei of some elements. These cause Radioactive Pollution”.

Pollution and its three types

❖ Definition:

The presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects Or the addition of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or any form of energy (such as heat, sound, or radioactivity) to the environment at a rate faster than it can be dispersed, diluted, decomposed, recycled, or stored in some harmless form.

❖ Types

Three major forms of environmental pollution ➢ Air pollution ➢ water pollution ➢ land pollution ➢ light pollution ➢ litter ➢ Noise pollution ➢ Plastic pollution ➢ Soil contamination ➢ Radioactive contamination ➢ Thermal pollution ➢ Visual pollution

Point Pollutants and it’s 3 examples

Point sources are single, identifiable sources.

Examples are,

o Smokestack of a coal-burning power or industrial plant, o The drainpipe of a factory, o The exhaust pipe of an auto mobile.

Noise Pollution

Noise is the unpleasant and undesirable sound which leads to discomfort in human beings.

o The intensity of sound is measured in decibels (dB). o The faintest sound which can be heard by the Human ear is 1 Db

Effects of Air Pollution

o Smog o Acid rain o Eutrophication

Sources of land pollution/Types of land Pollution

o Mining waste o Agricultural Wasteo Industrial Waste o Municipal Solid Waste

How Mining waste is generated?

It is generated by 3 main ways

a) Mining operations- large rocks needs to be removed to get valuable ore. Waste material kleft at site

b) Milling operations- through various technologies Waste material is called tailing

c) Failure of earthen dams

27. Lake water pollution causes

• Lakes are the rich source of water but due to following reasons, lake water gets polluted:

o Discharge of organic waste of homes and factories. o Discharge of organic matter of sewage treatment plants. o Dumping of garbage of villages and cities.