ZOO510 Official Handouts

Topic no 1 to 119 mid term and 120 to 239 final term syllabus

ZOO510-Economic Zoology · 1 Fisheries and Aquaculture Introduction · Introduction to Aquaculture

The art of cultivating the natural produce of water. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Aquaculture therefore is Farming of aquatic organisms in natural or controlled marine or freshwater environments Both under controlled or semi-controlled conditions. Mariculture – (old name) marine or brackish water“ Aquaculture encompass farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants.”

Types of Aquaculture

• Extensive Aquaculture: Minimal control, lower density • E.g.,

ponds, prevalent in third world countries

• Intensive Aquaculture: Highly controlled, high density, RAS,

raceways, confined • E.g. industrialized

2 History of Aquaculture

1. Egyptian tombs have bas-relief (sculpture)of fish (tilapia) being removed from ponds – 2500 B.C.

Q2. Carp were farmed in China as early as 2500 B.C.

1. Wen Fang – founder of the Chou Dynasty is called the first fish farmer
2. (during exile he kept records of fish growth and behavior)
3. Fan Li – wrote first book on fish farming 475 B.C.
4. Lee family – Were the first to polyculture carp during the Tang Dynasty 600 to 900 A.D.
5. England – 1500 A.D. carp culture was introduced
6. U.S. – first fish hatchery was in Oregon 1877

World Aquaculture

Species Selection

1. Producer’s expertise
2. Water supply and climate
3. Species biology
4. Marketability
5. Production methods
6. Production economics

3 Commonly Cultured Species · Commonly Cultured Fish species · Food fish

Many species, Catfish, Tilapia, Rainbow trout, Atlantic Salmon, shrimp, Shellfish, Striped Bass, Others

Ornamental fish

Aquaria Backyard ponds .

Bait fish

Minnows Shiners Goldfish (carp)

Natural stock enhancement

Salmon Trout Black sea bass Red Drum

Many others…

Commonly Cultured Crustaceans

Marine (Penaeid) shrimp Freshwater shrimp (prawns) Crabs Crayfish Lobsters Brine Shrimp

Commonly Cultured Mollusks

Clams Oysters Mussels Abalone Urchins

Additional Cultured Organisms

Seaweed

Food for Abalone Extraction of nutrients for vitamins Corals / Sponges / Sea Fans Extraction of medicines Aquarium trade Live rock Inhabiting macro and micro life Aquarium trade

4 Status of Aquaculture

Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector of agriculture with an approximate annual growth rate of 10% Currently aquaculture accounts for 25% of all seafood consumed in the U.S. Percentage is very low in Pakistan about 2 kg against world consumption of above 16 kg

World Aquaculture Production

In 2000 45.51 million metric tons by weight of aquaculture products Equal to US $56.47 billion China is the largest aquaculture producing country in the world