BIF101 Midterm Short Notes by Amina Zee

BIF 101 Introduction to bioinformatics: · Mid-term Short Notes · From Lec 1 to 88

Q01. Describe the function of mitochondria?

Answer: Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Q02. What is the function of Golgi apparatus?

Golgi apparatus helps in,

•  Covalent modification of proteins from ER,
•  Sorting of proteins for
•  Transport to other parts of the cell.

Q03. Define codon and anticodon?

The codon is unambiguous and specific means one codon can code for only one amino acid. Codons are tri-nucleotide units that present in mRNA and codes for a particular amino acid in protein synthesis. Anticodon is tri-nucleotide units that present in tRNA. It is complementary to the codons in mRNA.

Q04. Define gene cloning?

Since 1970s, scientists have learned to isolate genes, then place them in new organisms and reproduce them by a set of techniques collectively known as gene cloning.

Technique of gene cloning:

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs):

The technique of Gene cloning led to the creation of a large number of genetically modified organisms with desirable characters.

Q05. What is Human genome project?

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was launched in 1990 and completed in 2003. The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.

Q06. What is Nucleic acid?

Nucleic acids are important group of biomolecules which are responsible for storage & transmission of hereditary information. Like proteins and polysaccharides, nucleic acids are also polymeric compounds. The repeating units in the nucleic acids are Nucleotides.

Q07. Describe chemical composition of DNA?

The DNA molecule consists of two strands that wind around one another to form a shape known as a double helix. Each DNA strand composed of three components:

•  Deoxyribose
•  Nitrogenous Base
•  Phosphoric acid

And consist of four bases, adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).

Q08. Describe types of DNA?

There are four types of Deoxyribonucleotides.

•  Deoxyadenosine
•  Deoxythymidine
•  Deoxyguanosine
•  Deoxycytidine

These four deoxyribonucleotides make the structural units of DNA.

Q09. Differentiate between Nucleotide and nucleoside?

Nucleotide

Nucleotide

A molecule containing all these three components is called a nucleotide. While a molecule without the phosphate group is called a nucleoside. A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogencontaining base. The bases used in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). A nucleoside, composed of a nucleobase, is a pyrimidine (cytosine, thymine or uracil) or a purine (adenine or guanine), a five carbon sugar which is either ribose or deoxyribose.

Q10. Define Genetics?

Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. However, many genes do not code for proteins. Every person has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent.