BIO201 Final Term Mega File by Biotech Brainy Bunch

FINAL TERM SUBJECTIVE (2022)

1- Regulator proteins and their types

Any protein that influences the regions of a DNA molecule that are transcribed by RNA polymerase during the process of transcription. These proteins, which include transcription factors, therefore help control the synthesis of proteins in cells.

Types:

The major regulatory thin-filament-associated proteins are tropomyosin (TM) and caldesmon (CaD), which associate with 14 actin monomers in ratios 2:1 (13).

2- 5 sub divisions of IgG

Four human IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4), having γ1, γ2, γ3, and γ4 heavy chains, respectively.

3- Oncogenes

Upon activation, a proto-oncogene (or its product) Becomes a tumour inducing agent, an oncogene. Some oncogenes, usually involved in early stages of cancer development, increase the chance that a normal cell develops into a tumour cell, possibly resulting in cancer.

4- Endocytosis · BIO201 FINALTERM SUBJECTIVE MEGA FILE · GROUP: BIOTECH BRAINY BUNCH · ALL DATA FROM PAST PAPERS (2018-2022) · ADMINS: MEHWISH MUGHAL & BELLA

the ingested substance or particle is called endocytosis.

Types:

•  Phagocytosis involves the ingestion of large particles microorganisms or dead cells via large Vesicles called phagosomes (>250 nm in diameter)
•  Pinocytosis involves ingestion of fluid & solutes via small pinocytic vesicles (about 100 nm in diameter).

5- Cell culture and its types

The growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast, or human, plant, or animal cells in the laboratory. Cell cultures may be used to diagnose infections, to test new drugs, and in research.

Cells cultured in the lab can be classified into three different types:

•  primary cells
•  transformed cells
•  self-renewing cells.

6Proto oncogene.

A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become an oncogene, either after mutation or increased expression. Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help to regulate cell growth and differentiation. Proto-oncogenes are often involved in signal transduction and execution of mitogenic signals, usually through their protein products. Some oncogenes, usually involved in early stages of cancer development, increase the chance that a normal cell develops into a tumour cell, possibly resulting in cancer

Classes of Oncogenes

 Growth Promoting Oncogenes  Growth-Inhibiting Cancer Suppressor Genes  DNA Repairing Genes  Apoptosis Genes

7- Kin Recognition

ER resident proteins bind to one another, thus forming complexes that are too big to enter transport vesicles Aggregation of proteins that function in the same compartment—called kin recognition—is a general mechanism that compartments use to organize and retain their resident proteins.

8- Difference btw T cells and B cell

T cells and B cells are both generated in the bone marrow from stem cells or more precisely form the lymphoid common progenitor. T cells or thymocytes maturate in the thymus, a lymphoid organ situated in the chest, while B cells mature in the bone marrow, at the same site of their generation.

Both T cells and B cells migrate to the bloodstream after their maturation and circulate between the peripheral lymphoid organs in an inactive state.

There are two types of activated T cells:

•  Cytotoxic T cells responsible of the destruction of cells infected by intracellular pathogens
•  helper T cells responsible of activating cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, and B cells.

B cells, on the other side, differentiate upon activation by helper T cells into one cell type, plasma cells capable of secreting antigen-specific antibodies.

Activated T cells present antigen receptors on their membrane and are not capable of secreting antibodies, whereas activated B cells are responsible for antibody secretion.

9- Signalling process

Signal processing involves converting or transforming data in a way that allows us to see things in it that are not possible via direct observation.

OR

The entire signalling process, from signal detection to final response is called signal transduction pathway/ signalling cascade.

10-

Phagocytosis:

Phagocytosis involves the ingestion of large particles microorganism or dead cells via large vesicles called phagosomes (>250 nm in diameter).

11-

Define Metaphase.

All the centromeres arrive at the equatorial plate. Metaphase is the best time to see the sizes and shapes of chromosomes because they are maximally condensed.