BIO201 Midterm Mega File by Biotech Brainy Bunch

1. What is Kinetic energy? 2

The energy possessed by an object because of its motion, equal to one half the mass of the body times the square of its velocity.

2. Define Klinfelter syndrome? 2 · 3. Epistasis, co-dominance, incomplete dominance? 5 · Epistasis

Epistasis is a circumstance where the expression of one gene is modified by the expression of one or more other genes.

Co-dominance

Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual.

Incomplete dominance

Incomplete dominance results from a cross in which each parental contribution is genetically unique and gives rise to progeny whose phenotype is intermediate. Incomplete dominance is also referred to as semi-dominance and partial dominance.

4. Define Mutation, Genetic engineering and plasmid? 3 · BIO201 CELL BIOLOGY MIDTERM MEGA FILE · GROUP: BIOTECH BRAINY BUNCH · ALL DATA FROM PAST PAPERS (2016-2022) · ADMINS: MEHWISH MUGHAL & BELLA · Mutation

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.

Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering (also called genetic modification) is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism. This may involve changing a single base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting a region of DNA or adding a new segment of DNA.

Plasmid

A plasmid is a small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some other microscopic organisms. Plasmids are physically separate from chromosomal DNA and replicate independently.

Q5. Difference between Klinfilter Syndrome and turner syndrome?

Klinefelter syndrome

Turner syndrome

Turner syndrome is a condition that affects only females, results when one of the X chromosomes (sex chromosomes) is missing or partially missing. Turner syndrome can cause a variety of medical and developmental problems, including short height, failure of the ovaries to develop and heart defects.

Q6. What is a lysosome?

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

7. Main components of PCR? 3

The various components required for PCR include a DNA sample, DNA primers, free nucleotides called ddNTPs, and DNA polymerase.

Q8. Define coenzyme?

A coenzyme is defined as an organic molecule that binds to the active sites of certain enzymes to assist in the catalysis of a reaction.

Q9. Role of protein in living organisms?

Proteins provide many of the structural elements of a cell, and they help to bind cells together into tissues. Proteins, in the form of antibodies, protect animals from disease, and many hormones are proteins. Proteins control the activity of genes and regulate gene expression.

10. Define Cross pollination? 2

Cross pollination is a natural method in which transfer of pollen takes place from an anther of a flower of one plant to a stigma of a flower of another plant of the same species.

11. Quaternary structure of protein? 2

Protein quaternary structure is the fourth classification level of protein structure. Protein quaternary structure refers to the structure of proteins which are themselves composed of two or more smaller protein chains.

12. Prosthetic group and give examples? 3

Prosthetic group is a type of a helper molecule which is a non-proteinaceous compound that helps enzymes to perform their functions.

For Example :

The heme group in hemoglobin is a prosthetic group.

13. Gel electrophoresis? 3

Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size. In gel electrophoresis, the molecules to be separated are pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores.

14. Active site? (2)

The active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

15. Sex linked disorder? (2)

A sex-linked inherited disorder is caused by a genetic mutation on the X chromosome. These are also inherited in a dominant or recessive pattern. There are also disorders associated with the Y chromosome, but these are inherited less frequently. That is because they are often associated with male infertility.

16. Steps of mitosis? (3)

Mitosis is that step in the cell cycle where the newly formed DNA is separated and two new cells are formed with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

Mitosis is involving five phases, based on the physical state of the chromosomes and spindle.

i. Prophase