BIO201 Current Solved Papers

1. Role of MHC, diff b/w MHC I and II

These transport molecules are called the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins. Without these, there would be no presentation of internal or external antigens to the T cells. The importance of MHC proteins is that they allow T cells to distinguish self from non-self.

MHC Class I The side chains of other amino acids of the peptide point outward, in a position to be recognized by receptors on cytotoxic T cells.

MHC Class II Class II can accommodate longer peptides, which are usually 13–17 amino acids. Peptide not bound by ends. It is held in the groove by parts of its peptide backbone that bind to invariant pockets formed by conserved amino acids that line all class II MHC peptide-binding grooves

2. CAm kinase function

CaM kinaseII or CaMKII is a serine/threonine-specific proteinkinase that is regulated by the Ca 2+ /calmodulin complex. CaMKII is involved in many signaling cascades and is thought to be an important mediator of learning and memory.

3. Homtypic heterotypic fusion

Heterotypic fusion occurs between compartments that differ in composition. For example, a vesicle derived from one compartment fuses heterotypically with a different compartment.

Homotypic fusion occurs between compartments that are biochemically identical. For example, endosomes fuse with one another, as do lysosomes, the ER and the mitochondria.

4. Confluent monolayer & past confluent

Confluent monolayer refers to cells in tissue culture, e.g. epithelial cells, which form a cohesive sheet comprising of a single cell layer filling the entire surface area of the bottom of the culture dish. Cells have then reached confluence.

5. Banzer exp result

The T4 rII system is an experimental system developed in the 1950s by Seymour Benzer for studying the substructure of the gene. The experimental system is based on genetic crosses of different mutant strains of bacteriophage T4, a virus that infects the bacteria E. coli.

6. 5 types of antibiotic

IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA

7. Restriction endonuclease

an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, that has the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.

8. Pcr requirements

The various components required for PCR include a DNA sample, DNA primers, free nucleotides called ddNTPs, and DNA polymerase. The various componentsrequired for PCR include a DNA sample, DNA primers, free nucleotides called ddNTPs, and DNA polymerase.

9. Sheep cloned through nuclear transfer

"Sheep Cloned by Nuclear Transfer from a Cultured Cell Line" (1996), by Keith Campbell, Jim McWhir, William Ritchie, and Ian Wilmut. ... This experiment led the Roslin team to later clone mammals from adult body cells and to genetically engineer mammals

10. Antibodies on surface of B cells

IgM, IgD

11. Signalling in olfaction

An important contributing factor for the high sensitivity of sensory systems is the exquisite sensitivity of the sensory receptor cells. We report here the signaling threshold of the olfactoryreceptor neuron (ORN).

12. 3 Codon

A series of codons in part of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. Each codon consists of three nucleotides, usually corresponding to a single amino acid.

13. peptide bond

A peptide bond is an amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alphaamino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another along apeptide or protein chain.

14. T cells B cells difference

An important difference between T-cells and B-cellsis that B-cells can connect to intact antigens right on the surface of the invading virus or bacteria. This isdifferent from T- cells, which can only connect to parts of virus antigens on the outside of infected cells.

15. adult stem cells benefits .

The stem cells can be found in many different regions of the body; bone marrow, the brain, skin tissue, fat tissue, hair follicles, and many other locations. Some potential advantages of adult stem cells: They have been proven to be effective.

People who might benefit from stem cell therapies include those with spinal cord injuries, type 1 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease,stroke, burns, cancer and osteoarthritis

16. Function of centromere in cell division

Centromere Functions. One major function of acentromere is joining the sister chromatids. ... On each chromatid, the kinetochore forms at thecentromere region of the DNA. Once all of the chromatids are attached to the mitotic spindle, the microtubules pull the sister chromatids apart into the two future daughter cells

17. Missense mutation

In genetics, a missense mutation is a point mutationin which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. It is a type of nonsynonymous substitution.

18. Function of n terminal singnaling of ER

The N-terminus is the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group (-NH2) ... 1 Chemistry; 2 Function ... The N-terminal signal peptide is recognized by the signal recognition particle (SRP) and results in the targeting ... In eukaryotic cells, these proteins are synthesized at the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

19. Gel electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules and their fragments, based on their size and charge.

Q20. What is meant by polarity of water??

Water is a "polar" molecule, meaning that there is an uneven distribution of electron density. Water has a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom due the unshared pairs of electrons, and partial positive charges near the hydrogen atoms.