BIO201 Merged Slides 1-88

Introduction · Course Outline · Atom Molecules Cell · Structures Cells · Cell Functions · Propagation/Heredity · Expression Regulation · Cell Communication · Applied Cell Biology · Introduction · Understand the molecular · logic of the “living state” · How a molecule’s function

arises from its structure,

How this information is · conveyed to the rest of the · cellular machinery · System Manipulation · Course Objective · Composition of Matter · Composition of Matter · Atomic Structure · Composition of Matter · Carbon Atom · Composition of Matter · Electronegativity · The tendency of an atom · to attract electrons

towards itself.

Polarity of H2O · Results in · Hydrogen Bonding · Molecules of Life · Ionic Bond · Composition of Life · Building Blocks of Life · Molecules of Life · Polymers & Monomers

Macromolecules are polymers of smaller monomers molecules. Condensation reactions: Monomers join H2O Removal. Hydrolysis reactions: Use water to break polymers into monomers.

Condensation

Protein Functions

MostAbundant Polymerin the cell Support, protection, catalysis, transport, defense, regulation & movement Do not storegenetic information

Amino Acid Structure

The side chains or R groups give different properties to each of the amino acids

Charged R Groups

Charged, polar,or hydrophobic Special case cysteine SH groups can formdisulfidebridges

Nonpolar R Groups · Polar & Special R Groups · Proteins: Structure · The Peptide Bond · Primary Structure

Sequence of amino acids bonded by peptide linkages (Diversity 20n)

Secondary Structure

α helices (hydrogen bonds between amino acid residues)

Proteins: Structure

β pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds between amino acid residues)

Tertiary Structure

Generated by bending and folding of the polypeptide chain

Quaternary structure

Arrangement of multiple folded protein molecules in a multisubunitcomplex.

Protein Interactions

Weak interactions 3D structure

Protein: Denaturation

Heat, pH change: Tertiary and secondary structure as well as biological function.

Sugar Polymers

They act as source of energy that can be transported They also have structural role

Disaccharides Oligosaccharides (3-20) Polysaccharides

Produced by plants, all living cells have glucose

Glucose Fructose Ribose c c c c

Glucose Two Forms · Carbohydrates · Carbohydrates · Ribose · Glycosidic linkages · Disaccharide α or β orientation · Glycosidic linkages · Disaccharide α or β orientation · Digestible · Cellulose & Glycogen · Digestible · Cellulose · & Starch · Lipids: Nonpolar Hydrocarbons

molecules, Water insoluble, Aggregate together (by and Van der Waals force)

Week Bonds

Functions

Store energy Phospholipids membranes Carotenoids & Light Hormones and vitamins Animal fat is insulator Insulation of nerves Water repellant for skin, fur and feathers

Lipids: Synthesis

Fats & oils: Triglycerides: (covalent ester linkage vs Hydrophobic bond)

CELL BIOLOGY Phospholipids

Saturated fatty acids have a hydrocarbon chain with no double bonds. The hydrocarbon chains of unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds that bend

Fats (L) & Oils (S) · Phospholipids · Amphiphatic Molecule

the chain, making close packing less possible.