BIO202 Final Term Past Papers by Talha Waraich

MessengerGroup:VUBiologyZone

What’sappGroup: VUBiologyZone

;Synthesisoflipoxins.

Answer: Theyaregroupofcompoundsprouducedbyleukocytes.

•  Theyareconjugatedtetraenes.
•  TheyhavestructuralsimilaritiestotheLTs.

Synthesis:Byinsertionofmolecularoxygenattwositesarachidonicacidby sequencialactionof5and5-lipooxygenase.

sappgroupsforfurtherhelp.(VU BiologyZone)

Howareenzymesclassified?(10)

1. ANS:asubstanceproducedbyalivingorganismwhichactsasacatalysttobring aboutaspecificbiochemicalreaction.

Theclassificationisasfollows:

GroupName TypeofReaction Catalysed Example Oxidoreductases Oxidation-reduction reactions Alcohol oxidoreductase (EC1.1)

Transferases TransferoffunctionalgroupsMethyltransferase (EC2.1) Hydrolases Hydrolysisreactions Lipase(EC3.1) Lyases Additiontodoublebondsor singlebonds Decarboxylases (EC4.1)

Isomerases Isomerization reactions Epimerases and Racemases (EC5.1) Ligases FormationofbondswithATP cleavage Enzymesformingcarbon-oxygen bonds(EC6.1)

Q3. ANS:Waxesareadiverseclassoforganiccompoundsthatarelipophilic,malleable solidsnearambienttemperatures. Waxesareinsolubleinwaterbutsolubleinorganic, nonpolarsolvents.

Classification:

Animalwaxes

•  Beeswax-producedbyhoneybees
•  Chinesewax-producedbythescaleinsectCeroplastesceriferus

Vegetablewaxes

Soywax-fromsoybeanoil TallowTreewax-fromtheseedsofthetallowtreeTriadicasebifera.

Mineralwaxes

•  Ceresinwaxes
•  Montanwax-extractedfromligniteandbrowncoal

Petroleumwaxes

•  Paraffinwax-madeoflong-chainalkanehydrocarbons
•  Microcrystallinewax-withveryfinecrystallinestructure

Properties:

•  Waxwithcolorfulpigmentsaddedhasbeenusedasamediuminencaustic painting,
•  andisusedtodayinthemanufactureofcrayons,chinamarkersandcolored pencils.
•  thesportsofsurfingandskateboardingoftenusewaxtoenhancethe performance.

Q4. ANS:cAMPisasecondmessenger,usedforintracellularsignaltransduction,suchas transferringintocellstheeffectsofhormoneslikeglucagonandadrenaline

•  .Itisalsoinvolvedintheactivationofproteinkinases.
•  Inaddition,cAMPbindstoandregulatesthefunctionofionchannelssuchasthe HCNchannels.

Q5. ANS:BanspatiGheeismadewiththecombinationofHydrogenatedOils, Refined SesameOil. Thegheeismanufacturedstateoftheartmultistagehygienicallycontrolled plant. Itgivesamouthwateringaromaandtastetoyourfood. Itislowincholesterol whichmakesitsaferfortheheartpatients. VitaminAandDareadded.

Q6. ANS:Hydrogenationconvertsliquidvegetableoilsintosolidorsemi-solidfats,suchas thosepresentinmargarine. Changingthedegreeofsaturationofthefatchangessome importantphysicalproperties,suchasthemeltingrange,whichiswhyliquidoils becomesemi-solid.

Q7. ANS;Generally,saponificationisareactionbetweentriglyceridesandsodiumor potassiumhydroxidetoyieldglycerolandafattyacidsalt(soap).Thetriglyceridesare mostoftenanimalfatsorvegetableoils.

Shortly,saponificationisthealkalinehydrolysisofthefattyacidesters.

Saponificationofethylacetateandsodiumhydroxide,

C2H5COOCH3+NaOH----->CH3COONa+C2H5OH

Q8. ANS:Itisacolorless,odorless,viscousliquidthatissweet-tastingandnon-toxic.

•  Theglycerolbackboneisfoundinalllipidsknownastriglycerides.
•  Itiswidelyusedinthefoodindustryasasweetenerandhumectantandin pharmaceuticalformulations.