BIO401 Final Term MCQs and Questions

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1.

What are outlier?

Unusual data values as compared to the rest of the set. They may be distinguished by gaps in a histogram.

2.

Name of probability sampling design?

Simple random sampling Stratified sampling  Systematic sampling  Cluster (area) sampling Multistage sampling

3.

Difference between qualitative quantative variables?

Quantitative Variables It can be measured in the usual sense. For example: - the heights of adult males,

• the weights of preschool children, - the ages of patients seen in a - dental clinic.

Qualitative Variables Many characteristics are not capable of being measured. Some of them can be ordered or ranked. For example: - classification of people into socioeconomic groups, -social classes based on income, education, etc

4.

What are shapes of distribution?

Symmetric • Data is symmetric if the left half of its histogram is roughly a mirror image of its right half.

Skewed • Data is skewed if it is not symmetric and if it extends more to one side than the other. Uniform • Data is uniform if it is equally distributed (on a histogram, all the bars are the same height or approximately the same height).

5.

What is data and what are difference source of data?-

The raw material of Statistics is data. We may define data as figures. Figures result from the process of counting or from taking a measurement. For example: - When a hospital administrator counts the number of patients (counting). - When a nurse weighs a patient (measurement)

Sources:

Data Scales

Data are generally classified into four types:

1. Nominal – Categorical data
2. Ordinal – shows ranks, intervals may vary
3. Interval – intervals are constant, arbitrary 0
4. Ratio – Numeric data with a ‘real’ 0 value.

Ordinal, Interval and Ratio scales are all Numeric data.

What is SPSS?

Originally it is an acronym of Statistical Package for the Social Science but now it stands for Statistical Product and Service Solutions

One of the most popular statistical packages which can perform highly complex data manipulation and analysis with simple instructions

Box and Whisker Plot

• A useful visual device for communicating the information contained in a dataset.
• Sometimes simply called “Box Plot” • Makes use of the quartiles

Regression analysis

Regression analysis is a set of statistical methods used for the estimation of relationships between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. It can be utilized to assess the strength of the relationship between variables and for modeling the future relationship between them.

Mutually Exclusive Events

Two or more events are said to be mutually exclusive if the events do not have any outcomes in common. They are events that can not occur together. Dependent and Independent Events Dependent Events: Two events A and B are dependent events when the occurrence of event A has an influence on the occurrence of an event B.

Outliers

• Unusual data values as compared to the rest of the set. They may be distinguished

by gaps in a histogram.

Dot plot

• Consists of a graph in which each data value is plotted as a point along a scale of values

Time Series

• Data set is composed of quantitative entries taken at regular intervals over a period of time.

Pie Chart

• A circle is divided into sectors that represent categories

Pareto Chart

• A vertical bar graph in which the height of each bar represents frequency or

A boxplot is a visual representation of the fivenumber summary of the distribution of a numerical variable. This consists of:

• The minimum value of the distribution
• The first quartile
• The median
• The third quartile
• The maximum value of the distribution

The Mean and Median are Special cases of a family of parameters known as location parameters. What is frequency distribution and frequency histogram?

Frequency Distribution • A table that organizes data values into classes or intervals along with number of values that fall in each class (frequency, f ). 1. Ungrouped Frequency Distribution – for data sets with few different values. Each value is in its own class. 2. Grouped Frequency Distribution: for data sets with many different values, which are grouped together in the classes. Frequency Histogram • A bar graph that represents the frequency distribution. • The horizontal scale is quantitative and measures the data values. • The vertical scale measures the frequencies of the classes. • Consecutive bars must touch

Other location parameters which help us to determine the position of a particular observations in a data are called Measures of Position

These Measures of Position when help us to divide the sample data into n equal parts, or divide the probability distribution into contiguous interval with equal probabilities are called QUINTILES.

Define Dispersion?

Dispersion is defined as the extent to which the observations in the dataset are spread away from the central value.