BT102 Current Papers Continued

BT-102 Addition 1 (13 jan 2022) · Current Paper Admire group of Zoologist · Sir ARSLAN · 1. Names of the Five Kingdom Classification of Organisms

➢ Protista ➢ Fungi ➢ Plantae ➢ Animalia

Q2. Define gene phenotype and chromosomes ?

Structure containing DNA that physically carries hereditary information; the chromosomes contain the genes

Phenotype:

Q3. Define plasmolysis osmotic pressure ?

Plasmolysis :

Plasmolysis is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution.

Osmotic Pressure

Pressure required to prevent movement of water into a solution containing some solute.

Q4. Why catalase test is used ?

The catalase test is a particularly important test used to determine wheather a gram-positive cocci is a staphylococci or a streptococci. Catalase is an enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas. If bubbles appear (due to the production of oxygen gas) the bacteria are catalase positive.

Q5. Advantage of the solid medium ?

Solid medium has following advantages .

• Pure culture is easy to obtain by streaking the organisms
• Colony characters can be studied

Q6. what is industrial microbiology (2 marks)

Industrial Microbiology

• Use of microbes or their enzymes for large scale production of biomolecules

Q7. who discover small pox in which year (3 marks)

Edward Jenner discovered small pox in 1796.

8. d/f between vertical horizontal transfer of gene .

Vertical gene transfer

Horizontal

Parents to off springs From bacteria to bacteria or From cells to cells within the same generation

Q9. five kingdom classification (5 marks)

➢ Protista ➢ Fungi ➢ Plantae ➢ Animalia ➢ Microbes placed in the first 3 kingdoms

Reasons for Changes in the Classification

➢ Electron microscope ➢ Biochemical and physiological characteristics ➢ Nucleic acid and protein sequencing o Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ➢ Bacteria and Archea two different groups

Three Domain Classification (1977)

➢ Bacteria: True or eubacteria ➢ Archea: ➢ Eucarya

• Protists (slime molds, protozoa, algae)
• Fungi
• Plants
• Animals

Domains & Kingdoms

➢ Domain: Bacteria, Kingdom Bacteria ➢ Domain: Archea, Kingdom Archea ➢ Domain: Eucarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Bacteria

➢ Procaryotes ➢ Usually single-celled organisms ➢ Cell wall made up of peptidoglycan

Archea

➢ Procaryotes ➢ Cell wall has no peptidoglycan, but has special lipids. ➢ Vary in rRNA sequencing ➢ Live in extreme conditions – Thermophiles o Halophiles

Eucarya

1. Protists
2. Fungi
3. Animals
4. plants

Q10. Define gene ,chromosome and phenotype ?

Phenotype:

Gene: A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein

Structure containing DNA that physically carries hereditary information; the chromosomes contain the genes.

Q11. Brifely explain transfromation conjugation and transduction (3 marks)

Transformation

Transformation can occur in vitro

• In broth culture, live non-capsulated organisms cultured. Dead capsulated

cells mixed with it. Capsulated bacteria were recovered from broth.