BT102 Practice Questions

BT102

MIDTERM

Q. Functions of cell membrane?

• Selective permeable barrier
• Passive and active transport
• Respiration in microbes (bacteria)
• Photosynthesis in microbes
• Liquid synthesis
• Cell wall parts of transported by a molecule called bactoprenol which is present in the plasma membrane
• PM has many receptors in it which varies ligands can bind and initiate signals for gene expression etc.

Q. what is coenzyme give its example?

catalyze a reaction. Coenzymes are often called cofactors, but they are chemically different. catalyze a reaction. ... A coenzyme cannot function alone, but can be reused several times when paired with an enzyme. ... Without coenzymes or cofactors, enzymes cannot catalyze reactions effectively. Example: example is thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). Examples: NAD, NADP, FAD, FMN etc.

Q. Two basic stains?

Basic dye: The color is in the positive ion

• Crystal violet
• Methylene blue

Q: Two benefits of using solid medium?

Solidification of the medium is done for the purifying organisms from each other as solid medium provides surface for individual’s colonies to grow well separated from each other. A well isolated colony is assumed to be the progeny of a single cell. The solid media are used to study the colony characteristics.

Q: Difference between oxidation and reduction?

Oxidation = loss of electrons, or gain of oxygen, or loss of hydrogen Reduction = gain of electrons, or Loss of oxygen, or gain of hydrogen Oxidation: Removal of electrons from an atom

• Reduction: Gain of electron • Oxidation and reduction reactions are coupled.

Q: Write names of five layers of endospores? / Five names of walls of endospores?

Exosporium: A thin delicate outermost covering of the spore Spore coat: 2nd Layer underneath the exosporium. It is thick and composed of Several protein layers. Resistant to chemicals

• It contains enzymes for germination. Germination of spores into vegetative Form occurs when environment becomes favorable for their growth.

Cortex: It is the 3rd

• Layer from outside in. It has peptidoglycan in it.
• Spore cell wall or core wall: Surrounds the protoplast or spore core
• Spore core: Contains nucleoid and ribosomes
• Please see the diagram given below for details.

Q: Components of polysaccharides granules?

Typically consists of glycogen or starch Can be demonstrated by iodine which makes glycogen appear reddish brown while Starch appears blue.

Q: What are inclusion bodies and its types?

Inclusions are reserved deposits of nutrients. Bacteria accumulate nutrients when nutrients are plentiful. The followings are some of the important inclusions:

• Metachromatic granules
• Polysaccharide granules
• Lipid inclusions
• Sulfur granules etc.

Q. Syncatiam. In early embryos of these insects, cell division is not complete. Rather, the nuclei divide within the egg cytoplasm. This creates many nuclei in the large egg cell. A cytoplasm that contains many nuclei is called a syncytium.