BT302 Final Term Objective 2024 by Sulman Ali

OBJCTIVES OF CURRENT PAPER · BT302 - IMMUNOLOGY · Final-Term File 2024 By · SULMAN ALI (BS-ZOOLOGY)

•  Human can make 10^7-10^8 different Ab molecules
•  second most common antibody: IgA
•  How contagious is different from non contagious: A) Contagious diseases are spread through direct or indirect contact with an infected person, while non-contagious diseases cannot be spread from person to person.
•  pro- inflammatory cytokines involved in up regulations of inflammatory process
•  cell used in MHC class 2: T cells
•  How many types of adjuvant ? two Type
•  Second most common serum antibody is. IGA
•  MHC 11 molecules contain highly conserved region for binding.: α2 & β2
•  Exudation of plasma proteins and fluids.: Edema
•  First developed antibody ---- IgM
•  Cytotoxic cells produce in -----: bone marrow
•  ICAM is strand for : Intracellular Adhesion Molecule
•  Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome is a : Disorders of T-Cells(normal number of T-cells with reduced functions)
•  During hyper acute rejection...........: lead graft distruction?
•  There are ......... Kind of polyadenylation? two
•  In the snake venom the convert of CD3 into CD8 is ......... Pathways.: Saponin-mediated pathways
•  all of the following example of life attenuated vaccine except: Hepatitis A
•  which immunological technique involves the separate addition of both antigen and antibodies into medium during experimentation:C) double immunodiffusion
•  what is another name for secondary lymphoid organ of immune system: Peripheral Lymphoid Organs
•  which of the following is not type of complement pathway; C) adaptive pathway
•  if a complement protein deficiency results in the inability to form complexes with microorganism what might be the consequence for host defense: deceased phagocytosis
•  what term is used to describe the ability of T- independent antigens to activate various clones of B-cells simultaneously:polyclonal activation
•  in MHC1 molecules .......... region is highly conserved in long Alpha chain: Alpha 3
•  cytokine ..........inhibits the cytokines production from microphage; Cytokine IL-10
•  primary immunodeficiency is....... Inherited defects of the immune system
•  How does the lag phase in a secondary antibody response compare to in primary response: shorter in than the primary antibody
•  what is importance of adjuvant in immunological experiments based on the effects hey exert; Enhance immune response
•  immunology is study of.........? immune system & immune response
•  hypervariable reason and framework region are sub region of.......? variable regions.
•  Ag & Ab antigen and antibody reaction which can be detected on basis of substrate utilization by enzyme is called.......? ELISA
•  The process by which B- cell change the class of Ab but not specificity is name as: Class Switching
•  soluble immune complex is form in: Hypersensitivity type 3
•  Delayed type of hypersensitivity is.........? Type IV Hypersensitivity
•  Immuno- evasion occurs: either by weak immune response • Or by strategies devised by pathogens
•  Cell mediated response is primary defense against.......... Pathogens: interacellular
•  constant occurrence of infection is ........? endemic
•  Which of the following are poisoning: IgE
•  Tolerance to ............. is longer as compare to B- cells . (t cell)
•  Third most common antigen in serum: IgA
•  The third most common antibody in serum is:C) IgM
•  Immunity Is the study of state of protection from infectious disease.
•  Opsonin are complement proteins, igM, IgG ...All
•  Poly clonal antibodies belong to....IgG
•  First line of immunodeficiency..... Innate
•  Resistance of body against infectious disease: Immunity
•  BCR recognize THOSE AG TAHT ARE IN NATURE: soluble or free floating.
•  MASP STANDS: Mannose-Associated Serine Proteases
•  SOLUBEL INMUNE COMPLEX ARE : Type III Hypersensitivity
•  DELAYED TYPE oF HYPERSENSITIVITY: type iv
•  INFECTIONS OF BACTERIA OR SECRETORY MOLECULES OF BACTERIA LIKE TOXINS CALLED : Neutralization
•  TH1 CELLS RELEASE: cytokine like IFNγ upon activation & activate macrophages
•  NH OR NK CELSS ARE CALLED: Large Granular Lymphocytes (LGL)
•  OPSONIS ARE: complement proteins, igM, IgG ...All
•  AG WHICH INDUCE TOLERANCE: Tolerogen
•  Immunity MECHANISM BIASED OF GRAFT REJECTION: 1) Time of rejection 2) Nature of allo-antigens of graft 3) Immune status of host. all
•  SECONDARY IMMUNE DECFICEFICNCY : AIDS
•  AUTOANTIBODIES CAN BE AGAINST DADH KINDS OF ANTIGENS: t two kinds of antigens 1) Self cell or cell associated antigens 2) Soluble antigens
•  Chimeras: animals with hybrid nature of immune cells with host’s own cells & donor’s cells
•  PRRS ARE : Pattern recognition Receptors
•  AG AND AB REACTION IS all(Non-Covalent bonding • Hydrogen bonds • Vander Wall forces • Electrostatic forces • Reversibility)
•  SOMATIC HYPER MATURATION INCREASE: binding affinity of BCR for its cognate ligand
•  ALPHA AND BETA CHAINS ARE CONNECTED: to form class II MHC
•  COMPLEMENT PROTEINS ARE: good opsonins
•  IL4 INDUCED
•  ACTIVATION OF DADH ENZYMES
•  IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLEAVE THE PRO INFLAMMATION OF : Up regulation
•  EXAMPLE OF LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE: polio
•  ALPHA FECTO PTO LEVEL INCREASES during hepatocellular carcinoma
•  WHAT REACT ACTIVATION COMPLEMENT DURING INCOMPLETE BLOOD TRANSFUSION : acute hemolytic
•  PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THYMUSSUPPOSE 10,000 LYMPHOCYTES RECIRCULATING AND 100 ARE ENCOUNTER GIVE PERCENTAGEDEFINE: 1%
•  DIRECTLY STIMULATE B CELLS : T-Independent Antigens:
•  WHAT IS NOT TYPE OF A COMPLEX PATHWAY
•  Soluble Antigens .......... Less immunogenic.
•  Both antibodies and T-cells are involved in autoimmunity.
•  The cytokines produced from T-helper 1 (Th1) cells especially IL-2 & INF-γ.
•  Pro- inflammatory cytokines are involved in Up regulation of inflammatory process.
•  ELISA Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay.
•  Infectivity of bacteria or secreted molecules of bacteria like toxins. Neutralization.
•  Acute rejection time span: 1-3 weeks.
•  Secondary Immunodeficiency Associated with infections e.g AIDS
•  Associated with aging: hypo-cellularity
•  Associated with malignancies e.g in case of Leukemia, Myeloma. All of these.
•  Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: normal number of T-cells with reduced functions.
•  Resistance of body against infection: immunity
•  MHC II prsnt: Ag
•  Least common serum antybody : IgE
•  Newly synthesized antibodies combines with Ag to form Ag/Ab (Immune) complexes
•  Humans make *10⁷-10⁸ Ab molecules
•  Cytotoxic t cells are associated with: T-Lymphocytes or Lymphoid Lineage
•  The class II MHC is encoded by genes for Human MHC which are located at chromosome 6
•  In t cell activation process lack of co stimulus lead to: anergy
•  CD 2 Leucocyte Function of antigen : Antigen 3 (LFA-3)
•  Complement proteins are produced by: liver
•  Enhancement of process of phagocytosis by phagocytes
•  Host vs graft rejection is: Reaction of host against allo-antigens of graft
•  Commonest form of immunoglobulin deficiency: IgA deficiency
•  T cell maturation in: Thymus
•  cytidine deaminase present in: DNA deamination
•  Sugar- antigens have the ability to activate ----- of T –cells polyclonally 25%
•  Scid stand for: Severe combined immunodeficiency
•  The gene for chain is located on chromosomes 14: Heavy chain
•  Particulate nature of antygen causes reaction when react with corresponding antybody : Agglutination
•  RSS are sequence which r flanked b/w v d and j
•  Chronic rejection is characterized by with loss of graft function/ Loss of immunological tolerance by grafted tissue
•  During nyeloperoxidase depends intracellular killing of microbes
•  Vascular pathogens are presented in combination with class 1mhc