BT302 Final Term Past Papers Spring 2021

BT 302 Current Final Term Updated Spring 2021

Q1. Functions of Cytokines? 5 Marks

• Used as biological response modifier for treatment of various diseases
• Cytokine is a general term but more specific term used according to their cell of origin
• Monokines: produced by mononuclear phagocytic cells
• Lymphokines: produced by activated lymphocytes

Cytokines function as cascade signaling in the form of cytokine network Cytokines are considered as redundant

• Redundancy: is due to the nature of cytokine receptors

Q2. Subregion of variable region of antibody? 5 Marks

Variable region

• Present on heavy & light chains of Immunoglobulins

Two sub-regions

1. Hypervariable (HVR)

• Based on variability of amino acid sequences
• Complementarity determining region

2. Framework Regions

• Regions between hypervariable regions
• Groups & sub-groups of immunoglobulins
• Products of different variable region genes

Q3. Types of Autoimmunity? 2 Marks

Autoimmunity: Classification based on tissues or organs involved

• Two following categories

Q4. Effector Function of complement protein? 3 Marks

Effector Functions of Complement Proteins

• Opsonization (Opsonins)
• Chemoattraction (Chemoattractants)
• Anaphylaxsis (Anaphylatoxins)
• Pro-Inflammatory

Q5. Primary and secondary antibody response? 2 Marks

Primary Ab response

• First kind of antibody response against antigen
• Major class of antibody is IgM
• Ab are with less affinity & less persistent

Secondary Ab response

• Second kind of antibody response against antigen
• Major class is IgG but may IgE or IgA but less IgM

Q6. Inflammation and its role in body? 3 Marks

Inflammation is the body’s attempt: To protect the body from harmful stimulus. Complex Tissue response

• Part of body’s immune system
• Inflammatory response: series of events for inflammation
• For wound healing
• For clearance of infections

Q7. What is Opsonization? 2 Marks

Opsonization: some complement proteins are good opsonins. C3b, iC3b and C4b attach to microorganism first. This complex of complement protein binds with complement receptor on the surface of phagocytic cell. Phagocytosis of microbe.

Q8. Write two main types of tumor associated antigens. 2 Marks

• There are two main types of tumor associated antigens

1. Tumor specific transplantation antigens
2. Tumor Associated transplantation antigens

Q9. Differentiate between Organ Specific autoimmunity and Non-Organ Specific autoimmunity. 2 Marks

• Immune response against organ associated specific antigens
• Antibodies against organ associated antigens damage the organ
• Target organs
• Skin
• Thyroid gland
• Muscles
• Immune response not against organ associated specific antigens
• Antibodies against not organ associated antigens
• Systemic autoimmune diseases
• Mainly target organs: skin, joints, soft tissues etc.

Q10. Write down the mechanism of Oxygen independent killing? 3 Marks

1. Oxygen Independent

• No need of oxygen for such kind of intracellular killing of bacteria
• Granules & Vesicles of phagocytes secrete hydrolytic proteins