BT401 Final Term Current Papers

Bt401 Final Addition (2022) · Final term Current Paper warrior group of Zoologist · Sir ARSLAN · 1. Botanical garden

It is a garden dedicated to the collection, cultivation and display of a wide range of plants labeled with their botanical names. It may contain specialist plant collections such as tropical plants, or other species of plants.

2. forest genetic resources, Forest genetic resources are essential for forest-depending communities who rely for a substantial part of their livelihoods on timber and non-timber forest products (forexample fruits, gums and resins) for food security, domestic use and income generation.

3. outbreeding and inbreeding

Inbreeding:

“Inbreeding, the mating of individuals or organisms that are closely related through common ancestry.”

Outbreeding:

“The intentional breeding of distantly related or unrelated individuals for the purpose of producing offspring of superior quality.

4. cryopreservation .. Cryopreservation (Latin Kuos means frost) means storage of materials at very low temperature. Plant cells and tissue cultures are brought to zero state of metabolism by subjecting them to ultra-low temperature i.e. -I96°C. It is done by using liquid nitrogen which provides approximately -496°C. Cryoprotectants (e.g. glycerol, proline, mannitol,dimethylsulfoxide, sorbitol) are also used to protect the viable cells from the damage during freezing and thawing (to become unfrozen or warm).

5. Who is responsible for botanical garden

Botanical gardens are often run by universities or other scientific research organizations, andoften have associated herbaria and research programmers in plant taxonomy or some other aspect of botanical science

6. Germplasm

Germplasm are living genetic resources such as seeds or tissues that are maintained for the purpose of animal and plant breeding, preservation, and other research uses. ... Germplasm collections can range from collections of wild species to elite, domesticated breeding lines that have undergone extensive human selection.

7. Cold storage 5

Cold storage - it involves storage in low and non freezing temperature.

8. Slow Freezing- Slow thawing

With this method organs are labeled into vials after equilibration with a cryoprotectant solution and then cooled at rate of 0.5-2 oC per minute down to -1 oC. Seeding is then induced and a holding period of 5 to 15 minutes allows equilibration of the temperature. Thereafter embryos are cooled to -60 oC or lower at a rate of 0.3 to 0.5 oC per minute before beingtransfer to liquid nitrogen. Frozen embryos must be slowly thawed at a rate of less then oC per minute to prevent osmotic shock

9. Rapid cooling and rapid thawing

In this technique , however cooling is terminated at -30 to -40 oC and embryos are then plunged into liquid nitrogen for rapid cooling to -196 oC. Thawing is therefore performed rapidly (200 to 500 oC per minute) to prevent recrystallization

10. Vetrification

Vetrification is the process of cooling where the water in the tissue becomes glass rather than crystals. Glass is a liquid that is too cold (too viscous) to flow. In other words verification is solidification due to increased viscosity rather than crystallization.

11. Ultra rapid Freezing

In this technique serial equilibration of embryos in high concentration of DMSO (3-5 M) supplemented with sucrose (0.3 to 0.5 M). The embryos are then plunged into liquid Nitrogen. Thawing is then done with warm water bath ( approximately 500 oC perminute)

12. Conservation role of botanical gardens 5

A botanical garden or botanic garden is a garden dedicated to the collection, cultivation and display of a wide range of plants labelled with their botanical names. Types of plants in botanical gardens

1. cacti and succulent plants.
2. herb gardens.
3. greenhouses, shade houses.
4. tropical plants.
5. Medicinal Plants.
6. aromatic or textile plants
7. other exotic plants. science.

Importance of Botanical garden

1- Enjoyment 2- Economic 3- Scientific research

Botanic gardens contain collections of plants for education, scientific purposes and display;they can be: taxonomically-based - collections of a particular family, genus or group ofcultivars; or collections of native plants; or useful species such as medicinal, aromatic ortextile plants.

4- Conservation

Conservation of rare and threatened plants. The conservation of plant diversity is critical for sustainable development and botanic gardens are playing a key role as centers of conservation action. Botanical gardens can promote diversity. Because they include many species of plant.

5- Climate Change

atmosphere and then use it to create the carbohydrates they need to grow. Since carbon dioxide is one of the most abundant greenhouse gases, the removal of the gas from the atmosphere may temper the warming of our planet as a whole. *transpiration in plants can increase water vapour in the atmosphere, causing more precipitation and cloud cover in an area. The additional cloud cover often reinforces the cooling by blocking sunlight. *Contribute to soil fertility and prevent soil erosion

Q13. Application for permit to import plant genetic resource 5???

1. the kind and quantity of plant or plant material;
2. the country and locality of origin;
3. destination;
4. the name and address of the consignor and the consignee;

(e) means of transport; (f) the prescribed port or point of entry; (g) the prescribed for which the plant or plant material is proposed to be imported e.g., consumption propagation or processing.

14. Advantgaes and disadvantages of outbreeding 5

Advantages of Out breeding: • Out breeding often produces offspring of superior quality because it increases homozygosity (the occurrence of two alleles for the same trait at corresponding positions on homologous chromosomes) • Sharply reduce the risk of deleterious recessive genes being expressed

• One of the benefits

of out breeding is less chance of genetic abnormalities • The ability to make a breed stronger Disadvantages of Out breeding: outbreeding species. 3 Can destroy well-adapted genotypes because the