BT401 Final Term Subjective Guess Paper 2023 by VUBuddy

BT401: FINAL TERM- 100% GUESS · PAPER 2023 · GENETIC RESOURCES & · CONSERVATION · BY SULMAN ALI · SUBJECTIVE

Disadvantages of DNA Bank?

There are problems with subsequent gene isolation, cloning and transfer of DNA back to a plant and it currently does not allow the regeneration of the same genotype as the original sample.

Briefly explain historical background of Ramsar convention?

wetland habitat for migratory water birds. In an 18 nations meeting it was adopted in the Iranian

How bottleneck effect cover area?

The bottleneck effect is a sharp lowering of a population's gene pool because of an environmental, or human-caused, change. This can limit adaptability and increase vulnerability to future challenges in that area.

Protection lab in Pakistan for plants:

1= Germplasm exploration lab 2= Seed preservation lab 3= In vitro conservation lab 4= Germplasm evaluation lab 5= Plant introduction and seed health lab 6= Data management lab.

Cartagena protocol on biosafety?

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is an international treaty that aims to ensure the safe handling, transport, and use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to protect biodiversity and human health. It promotes information sharing, risk assessment, and regulatory measures among countries to address potential environmental and health risks posed by GMOs.

Features of habitat species management area:

1= Protection of particular species, 2= Protection of habitats, 3= Active management to maintain target species 4= Active management of culturally-defined ecosystems, 5= Zoning, 6= Education and Outreach, 7= Research and Monitoring, 8= Regulations and Enforcement.

Strategies for effective conservation and utilization of AnGR:

1. Formulating the National Livestock and wild-life Breeding Policies. 2. Encouraging the Formation of Breed Associations. 3. Developing Professional Human Resources. 4. Strengthening Research and Development Institutions 5. Developing Infrastructure for marketing

International co-operation and assistance is needed in capacity building to remodel available livestock farms/research stations to conserve and develop genetic resources.

Limitation of Germplasm Conservation?

The germplasm conservation through the conventional methods has several limitations such as short-lived seeds, seed dormancy, seed-borne diseases, and high inputs of cost and labor. The techniques of cryopreservation (freezing cells and tissues at -1960c) and using cold storages help us to overcome these problems. Also Germplasm conservation faces challenges of high costs, genetic drift, inadequate representation of diversity, insufficient funding, and the potential inability to address rapidly changing environmental and climatic conditions.

Threats to AnGR:

Despite the importance of animal genetic resources and their diversity, their diversity has been continually decreasing over time.

One of the greatest threats to livestock diversity is pressure from large-scale commercial production systems to maintain only high-output breeds. Changes in climate will have an impact on livestock and food production in many ways.

Some major disease threats that livestock currently face include, rinderpest, foot and mouth disease, and Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), also known as sheep and goat plague.

Historical background of CBD:

The Convention on Biological Diversity, was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on June 5, 1992 and by the end of July 1993, 165 countries had signed the treaty. The initial sessions were referred to as meetings of the " Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Biological Diversity."

How FGR cope with climate change:

Forest genetic resources (FGR) coping with climate change involve selecting and breeding resilient tree varieties, conserving diverse genetic material, promoting assisted migration, and utilizing genomic tools to enhance adaptability and forest health.

Critical Endangered Species?

Angered Species. A critically endangered (CR) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Examples:  Eastern Lowland Gorilla  Hawksbill Turtle  Javan Rhino

Role of national park in landscape and seascape?

1= Protecting some of the earth's richness that will not survive outside. 2= Protecting additional ecosystem services. 3= Providing areas where ecosystems can be studied in as pristine an environment as possible. 4= Protecting natural sites that are also of religious and cultural significance.

How animal genetic resources should conserved:

Animal genetic resources are conserved by establishing gene banks, protecting unique breeds in their habitats, practicing sustainable breeding, and collaborating internationally to safeguard genetic diversity, ensuring future food security and adaptation.

Effect of bottleneck effect on alleles frequency:

The bottleneck effect reduces a population's size dramatically, often due to a catastrophic event. This leads to a limited gene pool, causing certain alleles to be lost or become overrepresented, altering the overall allele frequency. This can increase the risk of genetic disorders and reduce genetic diversity, potentially impacting the population's ability to adapt to environmental changes. An example of the bottleneck effect on allele frequency is the cheetah population. After a severe reduction in numbers, cheetahs experienced a genetic bottleneck, resulting in low genetic diversity and a higher frequency of certain alleles. This has made them more susceptible to diseases and environmental changes, highlighting the potential negative consequences of reduced genetic variation due to a bottleneck event.

What Is Botanical Garden?

It is a garden dedicated to the collection, cultivation and display of a wide range of Plants labeled with their botanical names. It may contain specialist plant collections such As tropical plants, or other species of plants.

Which type of material is used in DNA bank?

DNA banks typically use special tubes or plates made of materials like plastic or glass to store DNA samples. These materials keep the DNA safe and stable over time. Most DNA provided by DNA banks is used for studies to attempt to develop more productive or more environmentally friendly agricultural species. Some DNA banks also store the DNA of rare or endangered species to ensure their survival. The DNA bank can be used to compare and analyse DNA samples.

Forest genetic resources:

Forest genetic resources (FGR) are the heritable materials maintained within and among tree and other woody plant species that are of actual or potential economic, environmental, scientific or societal value.

Working of Storage in DNA banks:

DNA banks store DNA samples in controlled environments, using cold temperatures and special preservatives. This prevents degradation and maintains the genetic material's integrity for future research or analysis.

What are the factors or conditions for a national park?

National parks are designated areas of natural significance that must meet specific criteria. These include unique landscapes, ecosystems, or wildlife, along with opportunities for public enjoyment and education. Preservation of natural beauty and cultural heritage, ecological balance, and sustainable recreation are vital. Adequate size and isolation to maintain biodiversity, and legal protection to prevent exploitation are necessary. Scientific research and conservation efforts contribute to their value as well.

Define microbial genetic resources programs working in Pakistan

To establish a long term microbial preservation facility as “National Culture Collection of Pakistan (NCCP)” for collection and preservation of microbial genetic resources from Pakistani ecology for basic and applied microbiology and biotechnology research following the Best Practice Guidelines of OECD (2001).

To distribute the economically important strains to scientific community, institutions and industry on commercial basis for research or utilization in industrial processes as a regular activity of the NCCP by following national and international laws and regulations.

Category V: Protected Landscape-Seascape:

A protected area where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value. It's endorsed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in collaboration with bodies like the World Commission on Protected Areas and national governments. The key objective is preserving and nurturing these vital landscapes/seascapes alongside their linked nature conservation. This category encompasses various goals, from promoting sustainable interactions of nature and culture, supporting conservation, enabling recreation, and economic activities to fostering community engagement, conserving biodiversity, and setting examples of