BT405 Official Handouts

Handouts of bt405 Nanobiotechnology · What is Nanotechnology · Definitions and Concepts

The most common working definition of nanoscience is: ‘Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale’ (1 ). Bulk materials (the ‘big’ pieces of materials we see around us) possess continuous (macroscopic) physical properties. The same applies to micron-sized materials (e.g. a grain of sand). But when particles assume nanoscale dimensions, the principles of classic physics are no longer capable of describing their behaviour (movement, energy, etc.) at these dimensions, the principles of quantum mechanics principles. The same material (e.g. gold) at the nanoscale can have properties (e.g. optical, mechanical and electrical) which are very different from (and even opposite to!) the properties the material has at the macroscale (bulk). Nanotechnologies are defined thus: ‘Nanotechnologies are the design, characterisation, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometre scale.’

Simplest _ technology at the nonscale

Nanotechnology literally means any technology on a nanoscale that has applications in the real world.

Succinct definition of nanotechnology is engineering with atomic precision or atomically precise technology _ APT

US National nanotechnology _ the essence of nanotechnology is the ability to work at the molecular level, atomby-atom, to create large structure with fundamentally new molecular organization.

Nanotechnology is group of emerging technology in which the structure of matter is controlled at the nanometer scale to produce novel materials and device that have useful and unique properties.

Nanotechnology encompasses the production and application of physical, chemical, and biological systems at scales ranging from individual atoms or molecules to submicron dimensions, as well as the integration of the resulting nanostructures into larger systems.

Define nanoscale:

Nanoscale is considered to cover the range from 1-100 nm. Nanotechnology is the art and science of manipulating matter at the nanoscale (down to 1/100,000 the width of a human hair) to create new and unique materials and products with enormous potential to change society.1 nanometer (nm) = 1 billionth of a meter. The design, synthesis, characterization, and application of materials, devices, and systems that have a functional organization in at least one dimension on the nanometer scale.

Nanotechnology is likely to have a profound impact on our economy and society in the early 21st century, Comparable to that of semiconductor technology, Information technology, or cellular and molecular biology. Science and technology research in nanotechnology promises breakthroughs in areas such as materials and manufacturing, nanoelectronics, medicine and healthcare, energy, biotechnology, information technology, and national security.

What is a nanomaterial?

A nanomaterial is an object that has at least one dimension in the nanometre scale (approximately 1 to 100 nm).

Nanomaterials are categorised according to their dimensions as shown in Table 1. Table 1:

Nanomaterials are categorised according to their dimensions

Non-intentionally-made nanomaterials’, which refers to nano-sized particles or materials that belong naturally to the environment (e.g. proteins, viruses, nanoparticles produced during volcanic eruptions, etc.) or that are produced by human activity without intention (e.g. nanoparticles produced from diesel combustion);

Intentionally-made nanomaterials, which refers to nanomaterials produced deliberately through a defined fabrication process.

Objects are perceived or conceived. The properties of an object are abstracted into characteristics.

The essential characteristics typically falling into different categories e.g. shape and color is combined as a set to form a concept. A set of essential characteristics that come together as a unit to form a concept is called intension. A set of objects abstracted into a concept is called the extension. Concepts are organized into a concept system

A concept system is often called an ontology (study of categories)

A concept system (Ontology) for Nanotechnology

Most of the term would normally prefixed by nano e.g. nanodevice, nanometerology

Nanotechnology spans many Areas

Nanotechnology Language

Nanobio Nanodots Nanowires Nanoelectronics Nanobots Nanomaterials Nanochondria

Nanotechnology impacts our lives on a daily basis

The study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometer in at least one dimension, and involves developing or modifying materials or devices within that size is already making today’s products: