BT501 Midterm Subjective Spring 2022 by Bella

BT501 Current Papers Solved · #MidTerm · Spring -2022 · We Grow Together ✨️

What is Parkinson's disease?

Parkinson's disease is a brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. Symptoms usually begin gradually and worsen over time. As the disease progresses, people may have difficulty walking and talking.

Define Huntington disease?

Huntington's disease is a rare, inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain. Huntington's disease has a wide impact on a person's functional abilities and usually results in movement, thinking (cognitive) and psychiatric disorders. Huntington's disease is caused by a faulty gene that results in parts of the brain becoming gradually damaged over time.

Define Basophil?

Basophils are a type of white blood cell. Basophils are the least common type of granulocyte, representing about 0.5% to 1% of circulating white blood cells. However, they are the largest type of granulocyte.

Types and names of immune disease?

• Hashimoto thyroiditis
• Celiac disease
• Graves’ disease
• Addison’s disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Multiple sclerosis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Type 1 diabetes

Name of bio marker for ovarian carcinoma and Steps of sandwich ELISA?

Name of bio marker for ovarian carcinoma

CA125 is the best-known serum ovarian cancer biomarker, it is not the only one: CEA (mucinous), LDH (dysgerminoma, mixed germ cell tumors), β-hCG (choriocarcinoma, mixed germ cell tumors), inhibin B (granulosa cell tumors), α-fetoprotein (yolk sac tumors, embryonal cell tumors), and HE4 are also available.

Steps of sandwich ELISA

• Coat a surface with capture antibody.
• Block unbound protein binding sides on the surface
• Add the sample containing the target antigen
• Add the detection antibody label conjugate
• Detection

Human genome project?

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. Goals of the human genome project include: Optimization of the data analysis. Sequencing the entire genome. Identification of the complete human genome.

What is Immunity?

Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself against disease-causing organisms. Everyday our body comes in contact with several pathogens, but only a few results into diseases. The reason is, our body has the ability to release antibodies against these pathogens and protects the body against diseases. This defence mechanism is called immunity.

Types of Immunity

There are two major types of immunity:

Active immunity

Active immunity occurs when our own immune system is responsible for protecting us from a pathogen.

Passive immunity

Passive immunity occurs when we are protected from a pathogen by immunity gained from someone else.

Difference between innate and adaptive immunity system?

Innate immunity

Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. These mechanisms include physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in the blood, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body. The innate immune response is activated by chemical properties of the antigen.

Adaptive immunity

Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response. The adaptive immune response is more complex than the innate. The antigen first must be processed and recognized. Once an antigen has been recognized, the adaptive immune system creates an army of immune cells specifically designed to attack that antigen. Adaptive immunity also includes a "memory" that makes future responses against a specific antigen more efficient.

What does the red color indicate in DNA microarray?

A red spot indicates that that gene was strongly expressed in cancer cells.

What is metagenomics?

Metagenomics is the study of the structure and function of entire nucleotide sequences isolated and analyzed from all the organisms (typically microbes) in a bulk sample.

Different between orthologs and paralogs?

Orthologs

orthologs are defined as homologs in different species that catalyze the same reaction.

Paralogs

Paralogs are defined as homologs in the same species that do not catalyze the same reaction.

Which chromosome has maximum and minimum number of gene?

In the human genome, chromosome 1 has the most genes. It has 2968 genes. Chromosome Y contains the least number of genes.

What is Xist activity regulatory?

Xist (X-inactive specific transcript) is a non-coding RNA on the X chromosome of the placental mammals that acts as a major effector of the X-inactivation process. It is a component of the Xic – X-chromosome inactivation centre along with two other RNA genes and two protein genes.

Structure of the following types of viruses e. g. Single strand or double?

Adenovirus

Double-stranded DNA genome

Hepatitis B

Partially double-stranded DNA