BT501 Current and Past Subjective by Mehwish Mughal

Bt501 Health Biotechnology · Final Term Notes (Past+ Current) · CURRENT FALL 2023 · Q: pharmaceutical technology · Pharmaceutical Technology

The methods and techniques that involve the use of living organisms (such as cells, bacteria,

yeast and others) are tools to perform specific industrial or manufacturing process are called

biotechnology. Pharmaceutical Technology will continue to provide new breakthroughs in

medical research in the years to come, leading to treatment in field which have previously

eluded us (including AIDS, cancer asthma, Parkinson„s disease, Alzheimer disease)

Q5. effective ways to deliver vaccine

as early as 1994, researchers identified five effective ways for delivering influenza virus plasmids to the animal body: by nasal spray; by injection into the muscle, vein, and under the skin; and by a so-called gene gun

Q: seamless cloning

Seamless cloning technologies eliminate the requirement for restriction enzymes. This can be advantageous when an insert contains a number of restriction sites within its sequence, making it difficult to identify restriction enzymes that will not cut the gene of interest during the cloning procedure.

Benefits:

Many copies of genetic material available in the laboratory for the purpose of experimentation Production of pharmaceutical drugs, insulin, clotting factors, human growth hormone, and industrial enzymes Important for human research For production of GMOs

Q: application of cDNA in medicine agriculture and pharmacology

Q: drug addiction · Q: role of modern. And classical biotechnology · Classical Biotech vs Modern

Classical Biotech –since ages ,Growing better crops, Breeding animals Cheese and yogurt production – use of microorganisms Mendel„s work – Laying foundation of modern Biotech Major discoveries : DNA structure, Ligase, Restriction enzyme Birth of rDNA technology Cut Gene from one organism and paste into others

Q: define alpha hemolysine

ALPHA-HEMOLYSIN: a-Hemolysin (a-HL, also called atoxin). a-HL is an exotoxin secreted by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, a human pathogen. This mushroom-shaped heptameric protein normally forms pores in the membranes. The limited pore size (1.4 nm) has restricted its application in the analysis of ssDNA, RNA, or small molecules.

Q: procedure or steps of monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies

Another milestone achieved in the beginning of the twentieth century was the making of monoclonal antibodies, which was proposed by Paul Ehrlich. He suggested that drug compounds can be accurately, precisely, and specifically delivered along with monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are mono-specific antibodies as they are made by identical cells that are all clones of a distinctive parent cell. Currently, it is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to that antigen and have a variety of applications, especially to detect or purify that substance (antigen), and has become an important tool in diagnostics and biomedical research. In diagnostics and biomedical research, monoclonal antibodies are very useful tools. First, they are extremely specific; that is, each antibody binds to the specific site of the antigen. Second, some antibodies, once activated by the occurrence of a disease, continue to confer resistance against that disease; classic examples are the antibodies to the childhood diseases chickenpox and measles. Another important application of monoclonal antibodies is to develop vaccines against various diseases. As you are aware, a vaccine is made from bacteria or viruses either killed or inactivated. Upon introduction into the human body this vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies against the antigens to fight back the diseases. The production of monoclonal antibodies involves human and mouse hybrid cells and this technology is known as hybridoma technology. During monoclonal antibody production, tumor cells are merged with mammalian cells that produce an antibody against a particular antigen. The result of these merged tumors with mammalian cells is a called hybridoma, which can frequently produce antibodies. These antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies because they come from only one type of cell; whereas, the antibodies that are produced by conventional methods contain many kinds of cells and are called polyclonal antibodies.