CS610 Official Handouts

Table of contents

Motivation and Tools......................................................................................................9 Overview of Data Communication ...............................................................................13 PACKETS, FRAMES AND ERROR DETECTION.......................................................14 PACKETS AND TDM: ...........................................................................................15 Figure 4.2 illustration of TDM.......................................................................................16 BYTE STUFFING ........................................................................................................17 SHIFT OPERATION ....................................................................................................22 GROWTH OF LAN TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................24 CARRIER SENSE MULTIPLE ACCESS (CSMA) .......................................................28 HARDWARE ADDRESSING .......................................................................................33 FRAME TYPE IDENTIFICATION ................................................................................35 INTERFACE HARDWARE ..........................................................................................39 LAN WIRING AND PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY...............................................................43 FIBER MODEMS AND REPEATOERS.......................................................................48 BRIDGES.....................................................................................................................51 SWITCHES AND WAN TECHNOLOGIES ..................................................................54 ROUTING ....................................................................................................................58 ROUTING ALGORITHMS ...........................................................................................62 CONNECTION-ORIENTED NETWORKING AND ATM..............................................66 ATM: VIRTUAL CIRCUITS ..........................................................................................68 ATM AND NETWORK OWNERSHIP ..........................................................................72 NETWORK SERVICE PARADIGM .............................................................................75 NETWORK PERFORMANCE .....................................................................................79 INTERNETWORKING: CONCEPTS, ARCHITECTURE AND PROTOCOLS............81 IP: INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESSES .................................................................85 INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESS NOTATIONS .....................................................87 IP SUBNETING ...........................................................................................................90 ADDRESS REOLUTION PROTOCOL (ARP)..............................................................93 ARP MESSAGE FORMAT ..........................................................................................97 IP DATAGRAMS AND DATAGRAM FORWARDING................................................101 IP ENCAPSULATION, FRAGMENTATION AND REASSEMBLY.............................105 THE FUTURE IP (IPV6) ............................................................................................110 IPv6 AND AN ERROR REPORTING MECHANISM..................................................113 AN ERROR REPORTING MECHANISM (ICMP) ......................................................117 UDP: DATAGRAM TRANSPORT SERVICE.............................................................119 DATAGRAM FORMAT AND TCP: RELIABLE TRANSPORT SERVICE ..................122 TCP: RELIABLE TRANSPORT SERVICE (Cont.).....................................................125 NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION (NAT) .........................................................128 NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION....................................................................131 IP ROUTING (Part-1).................................................................................................133 IP ROUTING (Part-2).................................................................................................135 IP ROUTING (Part-3).................................................................................................137 IP ROUTING (Part-4).................................................................................................139 IP ROUTING (Part-5).................................................................................................142 IP ROUTING (Part-6).................................................................................................144 COURSE REVISION .................................................................................................147

NETWORK:

A network is defined as a system for connecting computers using a single transmission technology. The computers can communicate with each other in a network. They can send and receive data from each other when they are in a network.

INTERNET:

The Internet is defined as the set of networks connected by routers that are configured to pass traffic among any computers attached to any network in the set. By internet many computers which are at longer distances from each other can communicate with each other.

CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKS

Computer networks are classified by four factors which are as follow:

1. BY SIZE:
2. BY CONNECTIVITY:
3. BY MEDIUM:
4. BY MOBILITY:

1) BY SIZE:

According to their size there are two classifications of networks.

1. Local Area Network. ( LAN)
2. Wide Area Network (WAN)

In LAN network occupies the smaller area like a room a floor or a building. In WAN, network occupies larger areas like cities & countries. Internet is a Wide Area Network. LAN & WAN are compared by the speed of transmission, bandwidth and latency, management, security, reliability, billing and their standards.