EDU302 Current Past Papers by Sahil

Types of personality

Definition of Personality

Shaffer defines personality as a broad collection of attributes and distinctive patterns of behavior or habits that seem to characterize an individual on temperament, traits, interests, attitudes and values Personality is individual’s characteristic pattern of perceiving, thinking, feeling and continuing over time.

Teaching strategies for student disability –

1. Learning disability is a heterogeneous group of disorders. It includes many kinds of problems.
2. The disorders are intrinsic, that is, the disorders are due to internal and not external factors like environment or educational system.
3. The learning disability is believed to be due to biological malfunctioning in central nervous system.
4. The learning disability may exist along with other disabilities like mental retardation, emotional disturbance and external factors like poor teaching but these conditions don't seem to be the causes of learning disability. What are then the causes of mental disability? Psychologists do not agree on it.

Some educators were critical of this category who hold that it is rather an overused or misused label. These students, actually, are slow learners.

Critical thinking

Requires skill at analyzing the reliability and validity of information, as well as the attitude or temperament to do so.

The skill and attitude may be displayed with regard to a particular subject matter or topic, but in principle it can occur in any realm of knowledge (Halpern, 2003; Williams, Oliver, & Stockade, 2004).

A critical thinker does not necessarily have a negative attitude in the everyday sense of constantly criticizing someone or something. Instead, he or she can be thought of as astute (smart, intelligent Critical thinking): the critical thinker asks key questions, evaluates the evidence for ideas, reasons for problems both logically and objectively, and expresses ideas and conclusions clearly and precisely. Last (but not least), the critical thinker can apply these habits of mind in more than one realm of life or knowledge.

Problem solving

Somewhat less open-ended than creative thinking is problem solving, the analysis and solution of tasks or situations that are complex or ambiguous and that pose difficulties or obstacles of some kind (Mayer & Wittrock, 2006).

Problem solving is needed, for example, when a physician analyzes a X-ray: a photograph of the foot is far from clear and requires skill, experience, and resourcefulness to decide which foggy-looking blobs to ignore, and which to interpret as real physical structures (and therefore real medical concerns).

Problem solving is also needed when a grocery store manager has to decide how to improve the sales of a product: should she put it on sale at a lower price, or increase publicity for it, or both? Will these actions actually increase sales enough to pay for their costs?

Vertical transfer learning

Vertical transfer is that positive transfer which occurs when previously learnt capability helps in learning more complex material in the same area.

For example, learning to determine different types of triangles helps in forming the concept of equilateral triangle, right angled triangle, etc.

Stages of development

Preschool and kindergarten (3-6 years)

Primary grades: 1,2, and 3 (6-9 years) Elementary grades: 4, 5 and 6 (9-12 years)

Junior high school: 7,8, and 9 (12-14 years)

Senior high school: 10,11 and 12 (15-18 years)

Zero learning

Zero transfer is defined as a situation is which previous learning has no effect on subsequent, new learning.

Zero transfer occurs when two tasks have different stimuli and different responses

Types of exceptional children

TYPES OF EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN

The U.S. Federal Department of Health and Education has following types of children in the list of handicapped children:

(1) Deafness

(2) Hardness of hearing

(3) Blindness

(4) Visual impairments

(5) Speech impairments

(6) Physical and health impairments

(7) Mental retardation

(8) Learning disabilities

(9)Emotional disturbance

Physical characteristics of elementary school children

Most students reach physical maturity and almost all have attained puberty. All girls have reached their ultimate height yet some boys may continue growing after this stage. There are tremendous variations in height and weight and rate of maturation. Late maturing boys seem to have considerable difficulties in adjustment due to their slow rate of growth. They are still concerned about physical appearance.

Glandular changes leading to red pimples (acne) especially on face may be a source of worry and self-conscious to some students. The most significant change accompanying puberty is attraction toward apposite gender.