ENG502 Final Term Short Handouts Notes File 2 by Sir Zahid

ENG502 SHORT HANDOUTS · NOTES FINAL TERM · Lesson 19 to 30 · (ENG502) Introduction to Linguistics

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Lesson-19 · MORPHOLOGY III · Topic-105: Coinage

What is coinage in morphology?

Coinage is the word formation process in which a new word is created either deliberately or accidentally without using other word formation processes. Give an example of a coined word that became a general term. Google, derived from Googleplex, later became the name of a company.

What are some older examples of coined words that became everyday language?

Aspirin, nylon, vaseline, zipper. Explain how eponyms contribute to word formation. Eponyms are words created based on the name of a person or a place, such as Hoover, Spangle, Sandwich, Jeans. Provide examples of technical eponyms and their origins. Fahrenheit (Gabriel Fahrenheit), Volt (Alessandro Volta), Watt (James Watt).

Topic-106: Borrowing

Define borrowing in linguistics. Borrowing is the process by which a word from one language is adapted for use in another, resulting in loanwords. Give examples of borrowed words and their source languages. Croissant (French), Dope (Dutch), Lilac (Persian), Piano (Italian), Pretzel (German), etc. What is loan translation, and provide an example. Loan translation involves translating elements of a word into the borrowing language; e.g., "moment of truth" from Spanish "el momento de la verdad."

Topic-107: Compounding / Blending

Explain compounding as a word formation process. Compounding involves joining two separate words to create a single form, e.g., bookcase, fingerprint. Provide examples of blending. Smog (smoke + fog), brunch (breakfast + lunch), motel (hotel + motor). What is clipping, and give examples. Clipping involves reducing a word, e.g., fax from facsimile, gas (gasoline), ad (advertisement).

Topic-108: Clipping

Differentiate between clipping and hypocorisms. Clipping involves reducing words, while hypocorisms involve reducing longer words to single syllables with -y or -ie added. Give examples of hypocorisms. Movie (moving pictures), telly (television), Aussie (Australian), barbie (barbecue).

Topic-109: Acronyms

Define an acronym. An acronym is a word or name formed from the initial components of a phrase or word, often individual letters. Provide examples of acronyms. CD (compact disk), VCR (video cassette recorder), NATO, NASA.

How are initials pronounced in acronyms?

Initials in acronyms are pronounced as new single words.

Topic-110: Derivation (Prefixes, Suffixes, Infixes)

What is a derivational affix, and how does it differ from an inflectional affix?

A derivational affix forms a word from another, differs from inflectional affixes by not being obligatory, occurring closer to the root, and having a more meaningful impact. Give examples of prefixes and suffixes in English words. Prefixes: un-, mis-. Suffixes: -less, -ish. What is an infix, and provide examples in English. Infix is an affix not commonly used in English; examples include "absogoddamlutely" and "fandamntastic."