ENG502 Final Term Short Notes by VUBuddy

ENG 502 · Short Notes Lecture (23-45) · Definitions

Affective Meaning : The emotive or affective component of the expression is referred to as its affective meaning. Social meaning and affective meaning together are sometimes called

Agent : Agent is the semantic role of a person or thing who is the doer of an event.

Anaphora : The use of a word referring back to a word used earlier in a text or conversation, to avoid repetition, for example the pronouns he, she, it, and they and the verb do.

Anaphoric Anaphora can be defined as a subsequent reference to an already introduced entity.

Antonymy : Two forms with opposite meanings are called antonyms.

Aphasia : Aphasia is de?ned as an impairment of language function due to localized brain damage that leads to dif?culty in understanding and/or producing linguistic forms.

Applied Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of linguistics which identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems.

Arbitrariness In human language, there is no natural connection between the word and the object they make reference to. This characteristic of language is called arbitrariness. For example, the Arabic word ‘kalab’ meaning dog and the English word ‘dog’ have no relation to the word they refer to.

Benefactive The entity that benefits from the action or event denoted by the predicate.

Binaural : It is binaural reception when somebody speaks. The listener knows where the speaker is. This is the characteristic which is in both human beings as well as animals.

Chronemics In communication, chronemics means the study of how time affects communication and includes how different time cycles affect our communication. Coherence : Coherence refers to the quality of being logical and consistent, e.g., ' This essay, on the whole, lacks coherence'.

Cohesion : Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning.

Computational Computational linguistics is the branch of linguistics in which the techniques of computer science are applied to the analysis and synthesis of language and speech.

Conceptual Meaning : Conceptual meaning is the clear and logical definition of a word based on the structure and form of the word An example of conceptual meaning would be the word ‘cat’.

Connotation represents the various social overtones, cultural implications, or emotional meanings associated with a sign.

Contrastive Contrastive linguistics: a practice-oriented linguistic approach that seeks to describe the differences and similarities between a pair of languages.

Conversation Conversation is interactive communication between two or more people.

Conversation Analysis : Conversation analysis (CA) is an approach to the study of social interaction, embracing both verbal and non-verbal conduct, in situations of everyday life.

Creole : When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade or contact language and becomes the ?rst language of a social community, it is described as a creole.

Critical Discourse Analysis : Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has roots in both Discourse Analysis (DA) and Critical Linguistics (CL). It is an interdisciplinary method to investigating discourses and language within public institutions laid out by Norman Fairclough in his book “Language and Power”.

Critical Social Theory : Critical Social Theory (CST) provides a theoretical foundation for critical approaches to discourse analysis.

Cultural Transmission Language is acquired in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes. This property of human language is cultural transmission wherein a language is passed on from one generation to the next within a cultural setting.

Deixis/Deictic A deictic expression (or deixis) is a word or phrase (such as this, that, these, those, now, then) that points to the time, place, or situation in which a speaker is speaking.

Denotation : Denotation represents the explicit or referential meaning of a sign.

Derivational Morphemes In morphology, derivational morphemes show the “inner” layer of words and they are attached to the stem.

Dialect : Dialect is a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group.

Diglossia : A situation in which two distinct varieties of a language are spoken within the same speech community.

Discourse : A unit of language which can be less or more than one sentence but has a meaning beyond the level of sentence.

Discourse Analysis : Discourse Analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyze written, vocal, or sign language use, or any significant semiotic event.

Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct, i.e., each sound in the language is treated as discrete, for example, / l/, /i:/, and /n/. We can join them to make a word 'lean' transcribed as / li:n / or if we change the order, we get another word 'kneel' transcribed as /ni:l/.

Displacement In linguistics, displacement is the capability of language to communicate about things that are not immediately present (spatially or temporally); i.e., things that are either not here or are not here now.

Duality : Human language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously. This property is called duality (or “double articulation”).

Expension : A sequence of element said to be expansion of another.

Experiencer When a noun phrase is used to designate an entity as the person who has a feeling, perception or state, it ?lls the semantic role of experiencer.

Flouting the Cooperative Principles : Flouting of cooperative principles mean deliberation, violation or flouting of conversational principles.

Free Morpheme : A free morpheme means a morpheme that can stand alone as a word. Free morphemes comprise of simple words such as doll and compound words such as keyboard.