ENG503 Midterm Solved Papers by Maha Malik

1. % of multilingualism in world? (55,60,65,70)
2. Ensuring the test items meat specification is much more...? (problematic, valuable, reliable)
3. Which grammar indicates the sound and meanings of language? (prescriptive grammar, descriptive grammar, Universal/Mental grammar)

Q. Difficulties of learners in classroom (Topic 01)

The difficulties of learners also depend upon how much their native language is different from English. Learners of English language usually commit errors of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. The difficulties of learners also depend upon how much their native language is different from English.

Q. How ELT is beneficial for promoting local culture (Topic 04)

ELT is beneficial in promoting local cultures (e.g., Chinese movement); therefore, it provides an opportunity to learn and absorb another culture because language and culture are interlinked. It also provides opportunities to travel abroad and access the prestigious local and international jobs.

Q. Roman Jackobson essential function of language (Topic 08)

Q1. The Referential Function: The Referential function is all about describing. Can you describe what you see, what is happening around you, and how you feel about it?

2. The Emotive Function: The Emotive function is about expressing something. We do not only state facts but also add a little emotion to our conversation.
3. The Conative Function: The Conative function is concerned with commanding. We all like to order people around but do we feel confident enough in the target language to try out the imperative? “Go on, open it!”, “Don’t touch - it’s dangerous!”
4. The Poetic Function: It is about choosing your words wisely. How careful you are when you speak? Do you attempt to be eloquent? It helps us develop an appreciation for the literary and spoken word tradition of the target culture and is essential in higher levels of communication.
5. Phatic Function: Popularly known as ‘small talk’ or engaging for the sake of conversation, phatic function is the non-referential use of language to share feelings or establish a mood of sociability rather than to communicate information or ideas

Q. Define productivity and duality features of human language OR Q. Features of Human Language (Topic 09)

1. Reflexivity: Other creatures do not reflect on the way they create their communicative messages or review how they work. Humans are clearly able to reflect on language and its uses (e.g., I wish he wouldn’t use so many technical terms).
2. Displacement: Animal communication cannot effectively be used to relate events that are far removed in time and place. Humans can refer to past and future time. This property is called displacement. It allows language users to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment.
3. Arbitrariness: There is no “natural” connection between a linguistic form and its meaning or the object it describes in the world. The connection is quite arbitrary. Some words with sounds seem to “echo” the sounds of objects or activities and hence have a less arbitrary connection.
4. Productivity: Humans continually create new expressions and novel utterances by manipulating their linguistic resources to describe new objects and situations. This property is called productivity. The potential number of utterances in any human language is infinite. The communication systems of other creatures are very limited as it does not seem possible for them to produce new signals to communicate novel experiences or events.
5. Cultural transmission: The process whereby a language is passed on from one generation to the next is called cultural transmission. We acquire language in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes.
6. Duality: Human language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously. At one level, we have distinct sounds (n, b and i). At another level, we have different combinations of these sounds and their distinct meanings (bin, nib).

Q. Reason to maintain Linguistics diversity (Topic 12)

 Languages express identity.  Languages are repositories of history.  Language contributes to the sum of human knowledge.  Languages are interesting in themselves.  Ecological diversity.

Q. rift of language in Pakistan. (Topic 17)

English was never seriously questioned. South Asian governments generally teach most children through the vernacular languages while reserving English for the elite. English-using elite are considered to be politically more liberal, democratic, and tolerant. English divide is contingent upon the distribution of power than a free choice of the medium of education. South Asian countries shifted from teaching English through its literature and grammar to ELT (EFL/ESL) from the 1970s onwards. This brought realization among ELT practitioners that non-native South Asian varieties of English should be recognized not merely as “incorrect” Englishes but as alternatives

Q. Characteristics of international language.5 marks (Topic 18)

 • It is spoken by a lot of people of different nationalities.  The speakers of an IL don’t need to assume the culture of the said language.  The ownership of an IL is denationalized.  The goal of its education is to enable learners to communicate the ideas and culture to others across the world.  A language is spread not only by its people migrating to other areas but by the people of other areas acquiring it.  The special roles of English have been recognized by almost every country, either by making it their official language or requiring its study as a foreign language.

Q. Describe Kachru’s three Concentric model? (Topic 18)

 Inner Circle: 320-380 million, ENL users and former settler colonies, norm providing  Outer Circle: 300-500 million ESL users Former UK colonial dependencies, Norm developing  Expanding Circle: 320-380 million users England, and Former settler colonies, Norm providing

Q. Difference between native or non native speaker. (Topic 19)

A native speaker is a person who speaks a particular language since s/he was a baby, rather than having learned it as a child or adult. A non-native speaker is a person who has another native tongue other than the language being used. The politics of English emerge as a potentially imperialistic force, rather than linguistic concerns, which occupy this debate. In many cases, the categorization of speakers into native/non-native has a nonlinguistic basis (e.g., race, color). ELT institutions still largely prefer Western teachers of English. Native-speakerism is still the dominant ideology in European ELT. In ELF contexts, native-speaker norms do not enjoy undue privilege. Both ‘native’ and ‘nonnative’ speakers are included amongst English as “lingua franca” researchers and those opposing them. On one hand, this distinction is discredited by ELF researchers or treated with ambivalence, on the other, it is sustained as a basic means for labeling English users in TESOL. There should be tolerance for diversity. An international language developed and negotiated by EFL speakers rather than imposed from “above” (Seidlhofer, 2006:

36. . It is counterweight to hegemonic Anglo-American dominated English (Jenkins, 2006).