ENG505 Final Term Solved Papers Set 2

ENG505

ABSTRACT This comprehensive collection of notes is accurately crafted to empower students to excel academically, ensuring they achieve a minimum of 80% marks in their examinations. The content is organized with clarity and precision, focusing on key concepts, critical analyses, and practical applications tailored to the syllabus. These notes serve as a reliable resource for both thorough preparation and last-minute revision. Designed to inspire confidence and mastery, this guide is an essential tool for students striving for academic excellence.

Maha Malik Language Learning Theories

(03 Marks Questions)

Q. What are social strategies?

Oxford (1990) suggests three sets of social strategies.

1Ask questions for clarification or verification and for correction. 2Cooperate with others which cover cooperation with peers and cooperating with proficient users of the new language. 3Empathize with others which include developing cultural understanding and becoming aware of others thoughts and feelings.

Q. what is intrinsic motivated behavior?

Intrinsic motivation involves engaging in a behavior because it is personally rewarding; essentially, performing an activity for its own sake rather than the desire for some external reward. Essentially, the behavior itself is its own reward.

Q. What is applied linguistic?

Grabe (2002, p. 10) defines applied linguistics as a ‘practice-driven discipline that addresses language-based problems in real-world contexts.’ Schmitt and Celce-Murcia (2002): applied linguistics is using what we know about language, how it is learned, and how it is used, in order to achieve some purpose or solve some problem in the real world.

Q. What is CPH?

Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) was a model that was primarily concerned with LI. Lateralization of the brain was thought to be a key to learning languages. It explains the maturity of brain and how the language functions are controlled in the left hemisphere.

Q. Define term Generalization?

Generalization is the process of identifying the parts of a whole, as belonging to the whole. It is based on the notion that our statements and beliefs about a group of people, although factual, might not be true of every single person of that group. And Generalization is a purposeful contrast to explore whether an observed pattern can occur while certain aspects vary.

Q. define learning environment?

Learning Environment refers to the diverse physical locations, contexts, and cultures in which students learn. The learning environment takes into account all the physical conditions including classroom, text books, as well as cultural norms. It also equips teachers to organize educational settings to facilitate learning. The term also encompasses the culture of a school or class—its presiding ethos and characteristics, including how individuals interact with and treat one another— as well as the ways in which teachers may organize an educational setting to facilitate learning.

Q. Variation theory?

The Variation Theory was introduced by Marton with emphasis on four patterns of variation: Contrast seeks to distinguish different and unlike things, Separation is the awareness of critical features and/or dimensions of variation, Generalization is a purposeful contrast to explore whether an observed pattern can occur while certain aspects vary, and Fusion integrates critical features or dimensions of variation into a whole under simultaneous co-variation.

Q. Piaget stages?

Jean Piaget proposed following stages of ‘Intellectual Development’:

•  Sensorimotor Stage *birth to 2 years of age +
•  Preoperational stage *2 to 7 years of age+
•  Operational stage *7 to 16 years of age+
•  Concrete operational stage *7 to 11 years of age+
•  Formal operational stage [11to 16 years of age]

Q. Microsocial Factors

The Microsocial factors are primarily concerned with language acquisition process in the immediate social contexts which includes: language production, interpretation, and interaction. The factors affect the level of formality, relationship of participants, and the nature of interaction as the immediate microsocial contexts refer to the social elements in the immediate contexts. The frameworks of ‘Accommodation Theory’ and ‘Variation Theory’ serve as the basis of the microsocial factors.

Q. Linguistic consideration?

‘Linguistic Consideration’ deals with the linguistic and cognitive processes of second language learning in children which are believed to be similar to first language processes. It is believed that the first language affects the processes positively by providing facilitation. Adults have the more solid foundation, achieved from the first language learning, which makes them cognitively secure.

Factors for Understanding Linguistics Consideration

• Bilingualism
• Interference between L1 and L2
• Interference in adults
• Order of acquisition

Q. Define intelligence?

Individual differences among learners vary based on the intelligence which has been defined by Moaafian (2008, cited in Hernandez et al., 2010) as a very general mental capability that among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience. Researchers believe that individuals demonstrate different results even after being exposed to the same learning procedures which is due to the differences of intelligence.