ENG506 Final Term Past Papers Set 4

ENG506

ABSTRACT This comprehensive collection of notes is accurately crafted to empower students to excel academically, ensuring they achieve a minimum of 80% marks in their examinations. The content is organized with clarity and precision, focusing on key concepts, critical analyses, and practical applications tailored to the syllabus. These notes serve as a reliable resource for both thorough preparation and last-minute revision. Designed to inspire confidence and mastery, this guide is an essential tool for students striving for academic excellence.

Maha Malik

1. World Englishes

World Englishes refers to the different varieties of English used around the world due to history, culture, colonization, and globalization.

2. Kachru’s Three Circles Model

Inner Circle: Native English countries (UK, USA, Australia) Outer Circle: Former colonies where English is institutionalized (India, Pakistan) Expanding Circle: English as a foreign language (China, Japan)

3. Englishization

The increasing use of English in different domains which influences local languages and cultures.

4. Language Policy

Decisions by governments about the role, status, and use of languages. Factors: population, prestige, status, functionality.

5. Top-Down vs Bottom-Up Policy

Top-down: Government imposed Bottom-up: Community-driven

6. Death of a Minority Language

Disappearance of a language due to assimilation, globalization, and demographic pressure.

7. English as a Lingua Franca

English is used globally for communication between speakers of different languages.

8. English in Europe

Acts as the main lingua franca in education, business, and EU institutions.

9. English in Southeast Asia

Secure in Singapore Strong in Philippines Reviving in Malaysia Foreign language elsewhere

10. English in the Philippines

Used in education and governance; revived due to globalization.

11. English in Japan

Small fluent population Many borrowings from English Nativized pronunciation

12. Features of Japanese English

Vowel insertion in clusters Addition of final vowels

13. Chinese as Global Language

Growing due to economy, globalization, and Belt & Road Initiative.

14. Multilingual Features of Circles

Inner: English as L1 Outer: English + local languages Expanding: English as foreign language

15. English Maintenance

Maintained through global use, education, and commerce.

16. Dictionary Challenges

Standardization, regional variation, new words.

17. Corpus in Linguistics

Large electronic text collections used for research and dictionaries.