ENG506 Final Term Solved Papers by 3rd Batch

Bilingual women make choice of a language to severel reasons? Discuss (5)

Bilingual women make language choices to:

1. meet the needs of their speech community.
2. Ensure better future for themselves and their families .
3. Strengthen the status of English in world communities.

English-speaking bilingual women are considered as innovators of language change. They help in advancing the progress of Eng & gaining acceptance and importance along with regional dialects. Women play a key role in the transmission of Eng in world contexts & in constructing new identities.

Ethnic varities involves language shift by a minority groups Justify? (5)

•A result of immigration •Produced by language contact •Involves language shift on by a minority group from an ethnic language to English •Involve modification of the dominant language •Example: African American English (AAE), •Perceived as homogeneous •A strong degree of mixing, mutual accommodation, and koinéization •Dialect studies show a great deal of phonetic, lexical, and grammatical variability •No nationally uniform standard accent of American English •Diversity has replaced homogeneity

Write few lines on CPEC (3)

A collection of infrastructure projects that are currently under construction. Modernize Pakistani infrastructure strengthens economy by the construction of modern transportation networks numerous energy projects, and special economic zones.

Dealing with disadvantages of not owing English (IMP)

Proper Learning: Early exposure to English Continued Maintenance Availability of good resources Difficult to achieve a high degree of competence

Approach, Method or Technique(3) · Method · APPROACH · TECHNIQUE

Consistent with approaches The broadest level. Most concrete level. Comprise plans for linking theory with Theoretical view of what the activities used to practice choices about skills, language is and of how it can implement method. contents and sequencing. be learnt.

What is the role of world English’s in the outer and expanding circle classrooms(3)

Outer and expanding circle classrooms: •Textbooks focus on inner circle varieties •Research studies to raise awareness of students about the differences in local and international standards •Local dialects to be part of English language classrooms

Codification(3)

•Codification and the acceptance of outer and expanding circle varieties •Need for codification for prestige in inner and outer circles •Local models as alternatives to British and American models •The characteristics of local models need to be presented in dictionaries and grammar reference books Q: Explain the codification of IVEs in the inner and outer circle. The process of codification in the outer circle and the inner circle is very different for example in the inner circle countries the codifiers his job is not as challenging as that of the outer circle in the native english-speaking countries the codifiers have to select from one language whereas in case of the outer circle English the codifiers have to function or have to take decisions in a multilingual context so what they need to do is to develop a set of criteria for selection of standardized versions of indigenous varieties of English so they cannot really pick and choose whimsically or based on the judgment of an individual or some individuals. They should develop a criteria against which they should evaluate the degree of formal formality or the degree to which those indigenous varieties meet international standards so the focus should be on local educated varieties rather than looking towards the native English models or the varieties used by inner circle countries or by native english-speaking countries or native English speakers they have to now focus on local educated varieties. Need to combine local features performing functions needed by inter and intra national communities with modifications for acceptance for international communication. Need of spelling Standardization. It seeks to change English spelling so that it is more consistent, matches pronunciation better, and follows the alphabetic principle. ... Many of the spellings preferred by Noah Webster have become standard in the United States, but have not been adopted elsewhere (see American and British English spelling differences For example, for "debt" early Middle English wrote det/dette, with the b being standardized in spelling in the 16th century.

Availability of good resources, Financial implications, native like competence achieved (by only a minority of nonnative learners of English)

Lexicography

The process of writing, editing and compiling a dictionary. An author or editor of a dictionary is called a lexicographer

What is the power of dictionary (3)

Publishing of a language's dictionary allows the users to develop the notion of a standard •The idea of correctness linked with the dictionary •Affects the public perception of the validity of a variety than many words spent

Five major function of dictionary (5)

•A reference book/source •Authority on almost all aspects of a language •Source of confidence for the users of the language •Source of reassurance about the legitimacy of a variety •Does not provide recognition to the people as users of English •Acknowledges the variety of English used by these people

Benefit of Regional Dictionary

To serve the average educated speaker of English To present all the material (both old and new entries) from a regional point of view Phonemic pronunciation system may be used to enable users to read entry words as their varieties lead them to