ENG509 Highlighted Handouts

Table of Contents · Topic · Lecture Page

What is Morphology? (Topics 1 to 6) Words and Lexemes (Topics 6 to 12) Morphology and Phonology I (Topics 13 to 18) Derivation and the Lexicon (Topics 19 to 24) Words & its Forms: Inflections (Topics 25 to 30) Words & Its Relatives: Derivation: I (Topics 31 to 36) Words & Its Relatives: Derivation: II (Topics 37 to 42) Morphological Structures (Topics 43 to 48) Derivation and Semantics (Topics 49 to 54) Inflections (Topics 55 to 60) Lexical Source of English Word Formation (Topics 61 to 66) Morphological Productivity and the Mental Lexicon (Topics 67 to 72) Morphology and Syntax (Topics 73 to 78) Morphology and Psycholinguistics (Topics 79 to 84) Morphology and Language Change (Topics 85 to 90) Traditional Grammar: Categories & Functions (Topics 91 to 96) What is Syntax? (Topics 97 to 102) Universal Grammar (Topics 103 to 108) Sentence Presenting (Topics 109 to 114) Constituency Tests (Topics 115 to 120) Constituents I: Words Order (Topics 121 to 126) Constituents II: Phrases I (Topics 127 to 132) Further Phrases (Topics 133 to 138) Grammatical Functions of the Verb & Its Complements (Topics 139 to 144) Grammatical Function II (Topics 145 to 148) Null Constituents I (Topics 149 to 154) Null Constituents II (Topics 155 to 160) Null Constituents III (Topics 161 to 166) Head Movement I (Topics 167 to 172) Head Movement II (Topics 173 to 178) Head Movement III (Topics 179 to 184) Wh-movement I (Topics 185 to 190) Wh-movement II (Topics 191 to 196) Wh-movement III (Topics 197 to 204) Wh-movement & A-movement (Topics 205 to 210) A-movement I (Topics 211 to 216) A-movement II (Topics 217 to 222) Agreement, case and A-movement I (Topics 223 to 228) Agreement, case and A-movement II (Topics 229 to 234) Split projections I (Topics 235 to 240) Split projections II (Topics 241 to 245) Phases I (Topics 246 to 251) Phases II (Topics 252 to 257) Key Research Themes in Morphology (Topics 258 to 263) Research Issues of the Field of Syntax (Topics 263 to 270)

Lesson 01

What is Morphology?

Topic: 01: Introduction:

Some basic notions in morphology.

What does morphology study? What are the goals of morphological analysis? What is its place in general theory of grammar?

•  The term morphology 

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749– 1832) 

Greek: morphmeans ‘shape, form’, 

Morphology is the study of form or forms 

In linguistics “morphology refers to

The mental system involved in word formation

Or

The branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed. 

According to Fabregas & Scalise (2012):

Morphology is the part of linguistics that studies grammatical properties of words and how words relate to each other in a language.

The chief task of morphology:

(1) a. deep

b. deepen

(2) a. dog

b. dogs

Deep and dog are morpheme that denote a property having to do with a physical dimension or referring to an animal. -en is a morpheme that forms verb and is associated with the meaning(causes to ) become x. -s is morpheme that makes –s plural.

The central question in morphology How words are related to each other?

Are there their some aspects of morphological research which have something to do with morphology?

Topic: 02: Morpheme:

Morphologists investigate words:

Their internal structure How they are formed.

‘The smallest linguistic pieces with a grammatical function.’

Not inclusive definition

•  A morpheme may consist of a word, such as hand, 

A meaningful piece of a word, such as the -ed of looked,

Another way in which morphemes have been defined is as:

‘ a pairing between sound and meaning.’ 

Some morphemes have no concrete form or no continuous form, 

Some do not have meanings in the conventional sense of the term

The term morph: specifically to the phonological realization of a morpheme.

-ed has various morphs 

[t] jumped 

[d] repelled  [ed] rooted and wedded

Let’s consider

Reconsideration.

Re + consider + ation.

Stem: ‘A stem is a base unit to which another morphological piece is attached.

Root: consider a root is like a stem in constituting the core of the word to which other pieces attach, but the term refers only to morphologically simple units.

For example, disagree is the stem of disagreement,.

Disagree: agree is both the stem the root of the entire word. Affixes: reand –ation 