ENG509 Midterm Solved Papers Set 3

ENG509

ABSTRACT This comprehensive collection of notes is accurately crafted to empower students to excel academically, ensuring they achieve a minimum of 80% marks in their examinations. The content is organized with clarity and precision, focusing on key concepts, critical analyses, and practical applications tailored to the syllabus. These notes serve as a reliable resource for both thorough preparation and last-minute revision. Designed to inspire confidence and mastery, this guide is an essential tool for students striving for academic excellence.

Maha Malik Morphology & Syntax

Q. separate endocentric compound · Endocentric compounds · Exocentric compounds

jackknife funny farm board game lazybones bluebird loony bin high chair scarecrow sailboat pickpocket

Q. Example of root compounding

Call a NN compound like hairnet or mosquito net, in which the right-hand noun is not derived from a verb and whose interpretation is therefore not precisely predictable on a purely linguistic basis, a primary or root compound.

Q. Point out agent and predicate compliment in sentence John smokes cigarette

1. John (agent)
2. Smokes (predicate)
3. Cigarette (predicate)

Q. Make plural of (datum , formula and cactus) · Plural · Singular

Data Datum Cactuses or cacti Cactus Formulas formulae

Q. why children over extend the words tree/plants

Overextend tree by using it to refer to potted plants, trees, and even balsam fir wreaths. Such underand overextensions are generally short-lived, which indicates that children revise lexical entries as they are exposed to more and more tokens of a word.

Q. what plural markers should we expect the English speakers will add in the following novel words

1. Argaz: Argazzes
2. Smick: Smicks
3. Brox: Broxes

Q. Distinguish between content and function words. Or Separate the content words from this list

Content Words

Function Words

Nouns: baby, bargain , Josianne Pronouns: I , him , our Verbs: publicize , hurtle , sleep Demonstratives: this , those Adverbs:3 very , not Prepositions: in , by Verbs: am , was , should Adjectives: peaceful , quick , bright Adverbs: readily , carefully, baby, publicize, sleep

Q. defines the term exocentricity in the content of morphology.

Exocentric construction cannot be substituted for any of its element and thus has no head. For Example: Is not an expansion of with a or paper. Not an expansion of any of its parts. An exocentric construction cannot be substituted for any of its element and thus has no head.

Q. Explain linguistic junk

Rudes (1980) and Lass (1990) have both raised the question of what to do with “linguistic leftovers” or “linguistic junk” (Lass’s term). In both cases, it has to do with morphemes that lose their semantic content or morphosyntactic function as a result of language change and are left as content less, functionless strings of phonemes floating around in the system. They show that languages are in general intolerant of useless elements, and speakers reanalyze them as having a new role. Lass call this process lingic exaptation, extending a term of evolutionary biology to the study of lang change.

Q. Define Polosemey (3)

The most fundamental aspect of a word’s meaning is that it refers to some entity or relation (realor imaginary) in the world. We can refer to this entity or relation as the word’s semantic type. Formal approaches to grammar have provided us with terminology that allows us to make evenmore finetuned distinctions between words. The word reptile refers to all individuals in theworld that are reptiles. Verbs like respect or love refer to relationships between individuals.

Q. Three types of polysemy

There are many types of polysemy.

(1) mass/count distinction a. I love watermelon. (mass) b. I sold three watermelons. (count) (2) Figure–ground reversal a. Hugh broke the window. b. The kids climbed through the window. (3) Container– contained alternation a. A hot glass put under cold water will shatter. b. Franny downed the glass in two seconds flat

Q. Define mental lexeme (3 marks )

The mental lexicon is defined as a mental dictionary that contains information regarding a word's meaning, pronunciation, syntactic characteristics, and so on. The mental lexicon is a construct used in linguistics and psycholinguistics to refer to individual speakers' lexical, or word, representations.