ENG510 Final Term Past Papers Spring 2019

Paper Pattern: 32 MCQs; 8 Questions of 3 Marks & 4 Questions of 5 Marks

Time Duration: 120 minutes.

Syllabus: Lesson 21-40(Topic 101-200)

1. Secondary education in Pakistan begins from grade 9 and lasts for four years🐥decent type kinship two.
2. heer ranja famous from punjabi folklore.
3. Matrilineal are the relations that come from the mother's blood line. 🐥aginst regional languages urdu.

Q. Define idiom

Any expression that means something other than its words seem to suggest can be called an idiom. The study of language constantly requires in interpretation of socially determined meaning. Proverbs and idioms are also determined by a socio-geographical experience.

Q. Define the term media (imp)

Media are the communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information or data. The term refers to components of the mass media communications industry, such as print media, publishing, the news media, photography, cinema, broadcasting (radio and television), and advertising. The development of early writing and paper enabled longer-distance communication systems such as mail, including in the Persian Empire (Chapar Khaneh and Angarium) and Roman Empire, which can be interpreted as early forms of media. Writers such as Howard Rheingold have framed early forms of human communication as early forms of media, such as the Lascaux cave paintings and early writing. Another framing of the history of media starts with the Chauvet Cavepaintings and continues with other ways to carry human communication beyond the short range of voice: smoke signals, trail markers, and sculpture. The term media in its modern application relating to communication channels was first used by Canadian communications theorist Marshall McLuhan, who stated in Counterblast (1954): " The media are not toys; they should not be in the hands of Mother Goose and Peter Pan executives. They can be entrusted only to new artists, because they are art forms." By the mid-1960s, the term had spread to general use in North America and the United Kingdom. The phrase "mass media" was, according to H.L. Mencken, used as early as 1923 in the United States. The term "medium" (the singular form of "media") is defined as "one of the means or channels of general communication, information, or entertainment in society, as newspapers, radio, or television." Q.

What language issues are faced in primary education in Pakistan?

The standard national system of education is mainly inspired from the British system. In order to understand the issues of national identity, language policy and education at primary level we need to think about language policy at primary level, and status of regional and national languages in education system. As of 2009, Pakistan faces a net primary school attendance rate for both sexes of 66 percent: a figure below estimated world average of 90 percent (According to UNESCO Institute for Statistics - Adjusted net enrolment ratio in primary education).

Issues related to primary education in Pakistan include low level of public investment as public expenditure on education has been 2.2 percent of GNP in recent years. There has been more focus of funds on higher education. Another issue is of lower income class and particularly it is related to the issues of private education where there is always a compromise on quality

Q. linguistic imperialism 5

According to Phillipson (1992, p. 52), imperialism is a type of relationship whereby “one society or collective in more general terms can dominate another” and which manifests itself in a variety of ways: economically, politically, militarily, culturally and socially. For Galtung, the world can be divided into two domains:

1. the Center (the powerful Western countries)
2. the Periphery (the developing ones)

Language is the medium through which the elite of the Center regulate the Periphery; and plays a crucial function by providing the link between the dominant and the dominated groups; and is representative of the basis upon which the notion of linguistic imperialism is built. Phillipson (1992, p. 47) asserts that the legitimization of English linguistic expansion has been based on two notions:

1. Ethnocentricity
2. Educational policy

Q. technological variations and situational viraions of sussan work 5

Susan Herring (2004) characterizes her own work as computer-mediated discourse analysis, which she organizes around a series of analytic priorities that continue to direct a lot of research in the field. These include:

1. Technological variables such as synchronicity, size of message buffer, anonymous messaging, persistence of transcript, channels of communication e.g., text, audio, video, automatic filtering.
2. Situational variables such as participation structure e.g., public/private, number of participants, demographics, setting, purpose, topic, tone, norms of participation, linguistic code.

Q. national language of Pakistan

The linguistic situation of Pakistan is a highly complex arena with several regional languages, a national language (Urdu) and English as an international language/ as a foreign/as second language. There is immense regional and linguistic diversity in Pakistan. We have Pakhtuns, Balochis, Punjabis, and Sindhis. Diverse cultural traditions exist and people speak different languages. There are also more than 7 million Muhajirs. From a linguistic standpoint this is an amalgam of heterogeneous groups with widely different linguistic characteristics.

Urdu is the official language. But it is not the first language of the majority. Urdu is written in a modified version of the Persian script, from right to left. It is not indigenous to Pakistan and in its literary form it emphasizes words of Persian and Arabic origin. It enjoys great prestige as a symbol of the Pakistan movement and as the national language of Pakistan. The greatest concentration of speakers of Urdu is in Punjab and Karachi. If within the hierarchy of languages English comes on the top, second position goes to Urdu. Urdu is preferred against all the regional and local languages for use in all the formal situations, though with the passage of time English is taking its place in the formal sphere of life. In spite of its status as the national language, however, only a few percent of Pakistanis speak Urdu as their first language.

Since independence it has the status as a national language, but there has always been a demand for cultural autonomy in other provinces, and resentment against discriminating govt. policies. There is a tension between Urdu and local languages on one level, and Urdu and English on the other level. But, Urdu has always been favoured in all the language policies.

Q. Precisely describe native speaker of a language

Commonsense view is that one who is born in a community of other speakers of English, and acquires his language from parents. Others may turn to them for guidance.

The question is what is acceptable or not; and whether a particular grammatical construction is better or worse than another. The ‘arbitration’ role of the native speaker is problematized when one considers communities. For example: In India nonnative speakers use English for such a wide variety of purposes that the views of the native speaker become less and less relevant; and more local norms of usage emerge. Being a native speaker gives a sense of community, and with that, a sense of identity. Being a native speaker of English gives you a different identity from the group of individuals who are native speakers of French. An interesting issue in this regard is of bilinguals: For example, individuals from Montreal in Canada who are bilingual speakers of French and English. The question arises whether they are members of both groups simultaneously, or form instead a group of their own? Some speakers align themselves with what they perceive as a particular local variety. Within England, for example, this might be as a ‘northerner’, or more locally as a ‘northwesterner. So, there are issues of identity.

Q3. types of code switching

Code Switching is the switch or shift from one language to the other which involves longer stretches or units of language at the clause or sentence boundary. Mainly it has three types:

• tag switching
• intra sentential
• inter-sentential

Q. Extended diglossia

Joshua Fishman presented a modification of Ferguson’s (1959) original concept and rather strict definition of diglossia in (1967). He proposed an expansion of Ferguson's definition of diglossia in two respects.

1. A diglossic speech community is not characterized by the use of two language varieties only. There may be more than two language varieties used within a diglossic community.
2. Diglossia refers to all kinds of language varieties which show functional distribution in a speech community. Diglossia, as a consequence, describes a number of sociolinguistic situations, from stylistic differences within one language or the use of separate dialects to separate languages.