ENG512 Midterm Solved Papers

1. In linguistics, CODE SWITCHING occurs when a speaker alternates b/w two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation.
2. Adults and school children are not bilingual (BALANCED) .
3. After the process of globalilizaton, there was a movement towards accepting .
4. Language varies from culture to culture.
5. Monolingual societies are LESS in number in the world then bilingual societies.
6. The notion of situational switching assumes a direct relationship between language and the social situation.
7. A bilingual may be balanced where there is equal proficiency in both languages but this is a rare phenomenon.
8. Study of language attitudes can b based on analyses of written document or interview data.
9. Every utterance carries a SOCIAL MEANING
10. Many second and foreign language programs pay lip service using only the TARGET language instruction. The appropriate term for the given statement.
11. which lang is used in inner speech. (the language of thought)
12. pragmatic mixing (It is the drawing of attention.)
13. There is need to.....the concept of bilingual

globalize, operationalization, clarity, revise

14. The new code for communicatio......(pidginization)
15. Traditional L2 foreign language progress often aim to use ......in instruction.

native and foreign, native , foreign, two lang

16. New lang laws, colonization, globalization, war or invasion are the ....factors resulting in lang

political, social

17. Which of the following factors impact the linguistic, socio-cult, and neurophysiologic development of individual

age, showbiz,

18. Bilinguals can extend the connotations of one lang to express a meaning in another

flexibilty, creativity, rigidity, flexibilty and creativity

19. Inner speech, comprehnsion and production refer to .....

media; situation; role; domain

20. Study of language attitudes can b based on analyses of (written document) or interview data.
21. ML- Matrix Language
22. EL- Embedded Language.

Q. Use of language (Topic# 143) 3 marks

Studies have shown that the language use of bilinguals responds to their communicative and affective intent, as well as to the situation and the interlocutor. Fishman et al. (1971) proposed the construct of domains as such, domains are “a sphere of activity representing a combination of specific times, settings, and role relationships” (Romaine, 1994: 43). Domains allow scholars to make connections between, on the one hand, clusters of interaction and interlocutors, and on the other, more concrete social situations.

Q. Indexicality (Topic#80 video lecture + google) 3 Marks

“Indexicality in linguistics means reference to or an indication of something”. Indexicality is the phenomenon of a sign pointing to (or indexing) some object in the context in which it occurs. For example: “I” refer to self, “now” refers to time

Q. Define the term language proficiency (google) 3 marks

Language proficiency is the ability of an individual to use language with a level of accuracy that transfers meaning in production and comprehension. The word, proficient, means a well advanced skill level. In terms of language, the “proficient” label can refer to someone who is very skilled in the use of a language but who uses the language less easily and at a less-advanced level than a native or fluent speaker.

Q. How does domain configuration happen in language variance (topic#68) 3 marks

A description and analysis of the simultaneous, cumulative effect of all of the above-mentioned sources of variance in language choice provides a dominance configuration (Weinrich, 1953). Dominance configurations summarize data on the language choice behaviour. Repeated dominance configurations for the same population, studied over time, may be used to represent evidence of language maintenance or shift in a particular multilingual setting. Although the dominance configurations till requires much further refinement, it seems to merit the time and effort that such refinement might necessitate.

Q. Name the three forms of language mixing (topic# 88) 3 marks

1. syntactic mixing,
2. semantic mixing
3. pragmatic mixing

Q. How do pidgins emerge? (Topic#08)

Language is never static but changes over time. Pidginsation is an example in this regard which is developed for the purpose of minimal communication between individuals/ groups speaking mutually unintelligible vernaculars. In the pidginisation process, limited and simplified linguistic forms are developed. As the need for communication or function increases in the society, new forms are created by the speakers. Gradually these new forms serve extended functions until pidgin evolves into a creole (form) as it becomes the mother tongue of the next generation, and thereby serves new functions.

Q. Make a list of different sources of language variation that have been considered by researchers. (lesson#10) 5 marks

Contacts with each of the above are as may vary in duration, frequency, and pressure. They may also vary in the use of each language for comprehension(C) only, or for both comprehension and expression (E). Variation in language contact may occur in form of “Duration”, “Frequency”, and “Pressure“ and due to internal factors. Internal Factors are uses & aptitude (sex, age, intelligence, memory, attitude, motivation)

Q. What did Voterra and Taeschner argue in Three Stage Model

1. Initial unification of both lexical and syntactic subsystems
2. Differentiation of the lexicon but continued unification of syntax
3. Finally, differentiation of both the lexicon and syntax

Q. Duration and frequency (Topic#55)

Frequency: The duration of contact is not significant, however, unless we know its frequency. Frequency for the spoken language may be measured in average contact-hours per week or month; for the written language it may be measured in average number of words.