ENG518 Final Term Past Papers

ENG518

ABSTRACT This comprehensive collection of notes is accurately crafted to empower students to excel academically, ensuring they achieve a minimum of 80% marks in their examinations. The content is organized with clarity and precision, focusing on key concepts, critical analyses, and practical applications tailored to the syllabus. These notes serve as a reliable resource for both thorough preparation and last-minute revision. Designed to inspire confidence and mastery, this guide is an essential tool for students striving for academic excellence.

Maha Malik Research Methodology

1. Research & Literature Review

Research: Systematic study to find answers to problems. Literature Review: Study of previous research to show gap, relevance, and originality.

Importance:

o Shows what is already known o Justifies topic & method o Helps refine research questions

Outline of Literature Review

1. Introduction / Background
2. Body (discussion of studies)
3. Conclusion / Recommendations

Writing a Review

Method section Results section Discussion section

2. Research Variables

Independent: Changed by researcher Dependent: Effect/result Controlled: Kept constant

3. Experimental Research

Principles

Randomization Replication Local control

Types

True experiment Quasi experiment

Experimental Designs

Treatment × Level Subject × Treatment Random Replication Group within Treatment Factorial Design

Errors

Chance error Systematic error

4. Qualitative Research

Focuses on meanings, experiences, opinions Conducted in natural settings Researcher is main tool

Types

Case study Ethnography Phenomenology Grounded theory

Sampling Methods

Purposive Quota Snowball

Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA)

Narrative analysis Discourse analysis Content analysis Framework analysis

5. Action Research

Research by practitioners to improve practice Focuses on real classroom/field problems

Steps

1. Select problem