ENG519 Quiz Set 2

ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE CURRICULUM DESIGN

• Historical Background: The history of curriculum development in language teaching begins with the notion of syllabus design. A syllabus specifies the content of a course, listing what will be taught and tested.

- Early · Approaches · and · Goals:

Early language curriculum development focused on determining what knowledge, skills, and values students should learn. It emerged in the 1960s.

• Role of Vocabulary Selection: Vocabulary selection played a key role in shaping language programs, considering which words and phrases learners needed to acquire.

APPROACHES TO VOCABULARY SELECTION

• Early Procedures: Early approaches involved selecting vocabulary based on frequency, usefulness, and learner needs.
• Grammar Selection and Gradation: Alongside vocabulary, decisions were made about grammar points and their order of presentation.
• Assumptions in Syllabus Design: These early approaches were influenced by assumptions about language learning and teaching.

FROM SYLLABUS DESIGN TO CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

• Quest for New Methods: Over time, educators sought better teaching methods, leading to changes in syllabus design and curriculum
• Re-Evaluation of Teaching Methods: Evaluating teaching methods influenced how language curricula were developed.
• Role of English for ESP: English for Specific Purposes (ESP) became an important area of focus.
• Register Analysis and Discourse Analysis: These linguistic perspectives influenced curriculum design.

ESP

• ESP tailors language instruction to meet the specific needs of learners based on their field of study, occupation, or interests.
• Unlike General English, which covers a broad range of topics, ESP is highly targeted and domain-specific.

Types of ESP:

• English for Academic Purposes (EAP): Helps students acquire language skills necessary for academic success, such as writing research papers, giving presentations, and understanding academic texts.
• English for Occupational Purposes (EOP): Focuses on language skills needed for specific professions (e.g., English for doctors, engineers, pilots).
• English for Specific Disciplines (ESD): Addresses language needs within specific fields (e.g., legal English, scientific English).
• English for Vocational Purposes (EVP): Prepares learners for practical tasks related to their work (e.g., hotel staff learning hospitality English).

Characteristics of ESP:

• Needs Analysis: ESP courses start with a thorough analysis of learners' needs, identifying their language requirements in their professional or academic contexts.
• Authentic Materials: ESP materials include real-world texts (e.g., medical journals, legal documents) relevant to learners' fields.
• Task-Based Approach: Learners engage in tasks related to their specific context (e.g., writing a business report, conducting a job interview).
• Focus on Skills: ESP emphasizes skills like reading, writing, listening, and speaking, tailored to the learners' purpose.

Examples:

• A medical student studying English to read research articles in medical journals.
• An engineer learning technical English for collaborating with international colleagues.
• A flight attendant improving skills for in-flight announcements.

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

• CLT prioritizes communication as the main goal of language study.
• It emphasizes interaction between learners and the use of authentic texts in the target language.
• CLT focuses on real-world language use, both inside and outside the classroom.

Emergence of a Curriculum Approach in Language Teaching

• Curriculum development in language teaching involves planning and implementing language programs.
• Successful language learning depends on curriculum development, which considers various processes.
• A curriculum-based approach emphasizes the use of planning and implementation processes to develop or renew language programs.

SITUATION ANALYSIS

• It assesses internal and external factors of a business.
• It clarifies a company's advantages, disadvantages, strengths, weaknesses, potential new customers, and lingering issues.
• Factors considered include competition, market environment, social, political, economic, and technological aspects.

Example of Social and Political Factors in Situation Analysis:

• Social Factors: Consider demographics, lifestyles, and ethnic issues.
• Political Factors: Evaluate government policies, trading policies, and elections.
• These factors impact a business's success and guide decision-making.

ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS

• Exemplification of Environment Analysis: Environment analysis involves assessing both internal and external factors that impact an organization. It helps identify opportunities and threats.