ENG522 Highlighted Handouts by Ayesha

Table of Contents · Lesson No. Lesson Title · Topics

Pg. No.

Lesson 01 Topics 1 to 6

Lesson 02 LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Topics 7 to 10

Lesson 03 TEACHING AND LEARNING LANGUAGE: APPROACHES,

METHODS AND PRACTICES-I Topics 11 to 14

Lesson 04 TEACHING AND LEARNING LANGUAGE: APPROACHES,

METHODS AND PRACTICES-II Topics 15 to 16

Lesson 05 ERROR ANALYSIS: NATURE OF ERRORS AND MISTAKES Topics 17 to 23

Lesson 06 SYLLABUS DESIGNING Topics 24 to 29

Lesson 07 LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT: TESTING AND EVALUATION Topics 30 to 34

Lesson 08 Topics 35 to 40

Lesson 09 ICT AND LANGUAGE TEACHING Topics 41 to 45

Lesson 10 LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY Topics 46 to 50

Lesson 11 LANGUAGE, THOUGHT AND CULTURE Topics 51 to 57

Lesson 12 LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION Topics 58 to 63

Lesson 13 PSYCHOLINGUISTICS, SOCIOLINGUISTICS AND

EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS Topics 64 to 68

Lesson 14 LANGUAGE PLANNING AND LANGUAGE POLICY (LPP) Topics 69 to 77

Lesson 15 CRITICAL APPLIED LINGUISTICS Topics 79 to 88

Lesson-01

Outline:

o Introducing Applied Linguistics (Li Wei, Guy cook & Allan n Cathy)

o What is Language and What is Linguistics?

o The Need and Scope of Applied Linguistics o Linguistics and Applied Linguistics: A Difficult Relationship o Applied Linguistics as a Problem-solving Approach o Applied Linguistics: Subject to Discipline o Doing Applied Linguistics: Methodological Considerations

Topic-001: Introduction to the Course

If you describe yourself as a linguist to other people outside the discipline, chances are that they will ask you, ‘How many languages do you speak?’ But if you describe yourself as an Applied Linguist, they may well go silent completely, wondering what they should say to you next. If you are lucky, you might get asked, ‘Is that how to teach languages?’ or ‘Is that translation?’ These questions are not entirely unreasonable, as Applied Linguistics can mean different things to different people, even among those who would describe themselves as Applied Linguists.

The International Association of Applied Linguistics (AILA) proclaims: Applied Linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of research and practice dealing with practical problems of language and communication that can be identified, analysed or solved by applying available theories, methods or results of Linguistics or by developing new theoretical and methodological frameworks in linguistics to work on these problems.

The AILA definition is both broad in including, potentially, many different areas such as child language acquisition, language and communication disorders, multilingualism, language testing, communication in the workplace, and so on, and narrow in relating Applied Linguistics to linguistics proper.

What is Language and What is Linguistics?

All linguistics work, whatever specific perspective one may adopt, should ultimately have something to say about the question, ‘What is this thing called language?’ (Nunan, 2013). Ron Macaulay (2011) presents ‘Seven Ways of Looking at Language’:

• language as meaning
• language as sound
• language as form
• language as communication
• language as identity
• language as history
• language as symbol

These can be summarized in three rather different conceptualizations of language:

1. as a particular representational system based on the biologically rooted language faculty;
2. as complex and historically evolved patterns of structures;
3. as a social practice and a culturally loaded value system.

The different conceptualizations of language lead to very different methodological perspectives which together constitute the field of linguistics today. The following are some of the commonly occurring terms for different branches of linguistics: theoretical linguistics, formal linguistics, descriptive linguistics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, clinical linguistics, cognitive linguistics, forensic linguistics, educational linguistics, computational linguistics, corpus linguistics and geo-linguistics. To these we can add sub-branches, i.e., phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, dialectology, discourse analysis, critical discourse analysis, stylistics, genre analysis, second language acquisition and language pathology.

Indeed, the list of sub-braches can go on. It may be useful to look at the differences, but also similarities, between these different kinds of linguistics in terms of the relationship between the linguist who does the studying of language and the evidence he or she uses for the study, paying particular attention to how the evidence is gathered and used in the analysis. The schematization of the various approaches helps to highlight the commonalities as well as differences between the various branches and sub-branches of linguistics.

Applied Linguists may apply one specific approach from these to the problems they wish to solve, or be eclectic and use a combination of approaches. Moreover, Applied Linguists have applied theories and models from other disciplines beyond linguistics. Indeed, contemporary Applied Linguists feel free to draw on almost any field of human knowledge, and use ideas from philosophy, education, sociology, feminism, Marxism and media studies, to name a random few. They have, for example, explored psychological models such as declarative/procedural memory and emergentism, mathematical models such as dynamic systems theory or chaos theory, early Soviet theories of child development such as those of Vygotsky, French thinkers such as Foucault and Bourdieu, and so on.

Ben Rampton (1997, p. 14) described Applied Linguistics as ‘an open field of interest in language’, while David Block (2009) called it ‘an amalgam of research interests’.

Topic-002: The Need and Scope of Applied Linguistics

Applied linguistics is a theoretical term that covers interdisciplinary domain in linguistics to solve real-world problems in the use of language in various contexts such as translation, literacy,