ENG522 Final Term Past Papers Set 2

Eng 522

Short Questions

1Genderlects: Men often use socially disfavored variants of sociolinguistic variables while women tend to avoid these in favor of socially more favored variants.

Men: What a terrific idea!, Shit! You’ve put the peanut butter in the fridge again!

Women: What a divine idea!, Oh dear! You’ve put the peanut butter in the fridge again!

2Affective tags: Affective tags "are used not to signal uncertainty on the part of the speaker, but to indicate concern for the addressee":

Q1. Open the door for me, could you?

Q2. His portraits are quite static by comparison, aren't they?

Affective tags are further subdivided into two kinds:

1. Softeners like the first example above, which conventionally mitigate the force of what would otherwise be an impolite demand.
2. Facilitative tags like the second example, which invite the listener to take a conversational turn to comment on the speaker's assertion.

3Components of Linguistics Competence: Linguistic competence includes components such as:

• Phonetics • Phonology • Syntax • Semantics • Morphology

4- Teaching Learning Advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages: • Self-paced or learner-centered • An active process CALL material is consistent within individual courses. • Getting to know the students' individual • Problems and successes with the learning material. • Working with a group of disciplined students. • Focusing on the important or more difficult material during class time or tutoring sessions.

Disadvantages: • Quite a few students feel they learn better when guided step by step through a concept. • The student must be motivated and disciplined to complete a learning program on his own • A good CALL program, as with all CBE programs, is very expensive to develop. • Development requires teacher input, but, a great number of teachers see programs • There is also a lack of suitable software available for CALL today. 6Areas in CDA: CDA stands for Critical Discourse Analysis. CDA deals with the study of the text in relation to the context. Critical discourse analysis deals with the study of how language or text is used in a context holding discursive social relation, power, domination, hegemony, control, sexual, racial, subjugation and cultural discriminations are being perpetuated within the community. 7Types of multimodal texts: Multimodality does not necessarily mean use of technology, and multimodal texts can be paper based, live, or digital. • Paper-based multimodal texts include picture books, text books, graphic novels, comics, and posters. • Live multimodal texts, for example, dance, performance, and oral storytelling, convey meaning through combinations of various modes such as gestural, spatial, audio, and oral language. • Digital multimodal texts include film, animation, slide shows, e-posters, digital stories, podcasts, and web pages. 8Types of CALL: Programs CALL programs/materials include:

•  CALL-specific software: applications designed to develop and facilitate language learning, such as CD-ROMs, web-based interactive language learning exercises/quizzes (see CD-ROM examples for language learning)
•  Generic software: applications designed for general purposes, such as word-processors (Word), presentation software (PowerPoint, see an e-book made by students " Many Moons"), and spreadsheet (Excel), that can be used to support language learning (see examples of using Excel for language learning & teaching)
•  Web-based learning programs: online dictionaries, online encyclopedias, online concordances, news/magazine sites, e-texts, web-quests, web publishing, blog, wiki, etc.
•  Computer-mediated communication (CMC) programs: synchronous - online chat; asynchronous - email, discussion forum, message board

9Grammatical Attrition: Grammatical attrition can be defined as "the disintegration of the structure of a first language (L1) in contact situations with a second language (L2)".

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Call Activities: Multiple-choice & true/false quizzes o gap-filling exercise/cloze o matching o re-ordering/sequencing o crossword puzzles o games o simulations o writing & word-processing o concordance o web quests/searching o web publishing o online communication (synchronous and asynchronous)

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The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: It can be explained in the following points:

•  Every single language is structurally unique.
•  Linguistic relativity opens the window to the realization that all languages do not translate to each other.
•  Language has a strong relationship with thought. Language and thought are affecting each other.

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Forms of speech production: Forms of speech production include the lexical, syntactic, pragmatic and paralinguistic.

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Micro-macro relations: Micro-macro relations refer to the application of critical applied linguistics in the study of the larger social problems. Here, micro stands for conceptual and methodological narrowness of applied linguistics in studying the wider, macro social relations and problems. The concept of the relation is to entail the incompleteness of critical applied linguistics in studying the society. It claims that the social problems are intricate so that it needs collaboration with related disciplines including feminism, subalterns, American dreams, post colonialism, gender studies, culture studies, media studies and so forth. Moreover, it needs to work with more autonomous and independent disciplines including sociology, anthropology, history, communication and literature studies and so forth.

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Linguistic Relativity: Linguistic Relativity is the relationship among language, culture and thought that has been proven by researchers through different types of experiment. Thus, it is concluded that the idea that all thought is constrained by language has been disproved and the opposite idea that language does not influence thought at all, is also widely considered to be false.

Long Questions

1Language attrition: Language attrition is the process of losing a native, or first, language. This process is generally caused by both isolation from speakers of the first language ("L1") and the acquisition and use of a second language ("L2"), which interferes with the correct production and comprehension of the first.

Types of Language Attrition:

1. Lexical Attrition: The first linguistic system to be affected by first language attrition is the lexicon. The lexical-semantic relationship usually starts to decay first and most quickly, driven by Cross Linguistic Interference (CLI) from the speaker's L2, and it is believed to be intensified by continued exposure to, and frequent use of, the L2.
2. Grammatical Attrition: Grammatical attrition can be defined as "the disintegration of the structure of a first language (L1) in contact situations with a second language (L2)".