ENG522 Final Term Solved Papers Spring 2025

ENG522

ABSTRACT This comprehensive collection of notes is accurately crafted to empower students to excel academically, ensuring they achieve a minimum of 80% marks in their examinations. The content is organized with clarity and precision, focusing on key concepts, critical analyses, and practical applications tailored to the syllabus. These notes serve as a reliable resource for both thorough preparation and last-minute revision. Designed to inspire confidence and mastery, this guide is an essential tool for students striving for academic excellence.

Maha Malik Spring2025

1. Difference between gender and sex

Sex: Biological and physiological characteristics distinguishing males and females (chromosomes, hormones, anatomy). Gender: Socially constructed roles, behaviors, and identities associated with being male or female in a culture.

2. Genderlect

Style of speech that reflects the speaker's gender identity; coined by Deborah Tannen to describe gender-based communication differences.

3. Difference between sociolinguistics and sociology of language

Sociolinguistics: Studies how language affects and reflects social life. Sociology of language: Studies how social structures and institutions influence language use.

4. Linguistic competence

Definition: Chomsky’s concept of an ideal speaker-hearer’s implicit knowledge of their language. Components: Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics. Ways: Acquired through exposure, practice, and immersion.

5. Communicative competence

Definition: Ability to use language appropriately in social contexts. Components: Grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, strategic competence. Two forms: Linguistic competence and pragmatic competence.

6. Agency, identity, and language use

Agency: Individual’s capacity to act and make choices. Identity: How language shapes and reflects who we are. Language use: Medium through which both agency and identity are enacted.

7. Co-construction of identity

The process by which identities are jointly created through interaction and language use.

8. Theory of Structuration (Giddens)

Social structures and human agency are interdependent; people reproduce structures through their actions, but structures also shape those actions.

9. Bourdieu’s notion of habitus

Durable dispositions shaped by social experience, influencing perceptions, thoughts, and actions.

10. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

View: Language influences thought and perception. Features: Linguistic determinism, linguistic relativity.

11. Classical theory of concept

Concepts have defining features that all members share; membership is all-or-none.

12. Micro–macro meaning in CAL

Micro: Individual linguistic interactions. Macro: Broader social, political, and institutional contexts of language use.

13. Coursban/Cauberasian ideologies

Language ideologies influencing discourse and identity (from critical applied linguistics perspective).

14. Instrumental competence

Definition: Knowledge/skills for using language in specific contexts for particular purposes. Five areas: Grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, strategic, pragmatic.

15. Domains of Critical Applied Linguistics

16. Types of knowledge (three names)

Declarative, procedural, conditional.

17. Types of meaning (three sub-strands)

Ideational, interpersonal, textual.

18. Language transfer

Types: Positive transfer, negative transfer (interference).