ENG523 Final Term Solved Papers Spring 2025

ENG523

ABSTRACT This comprehensive collection of notes is accurately crafted to empower students to excel academically, ensuring they achieve a minimum of 80% marks in their examinations. The content is organized with clarity and precision, focusing on key concepts, critical analyses, and practical applications tailored to the syllabus. These notes serve as a reliable resource for both thorough preparation and last-minute revision. Designed to inspire confidence and mastery, this guide is an essential tool for students striving for academic excellence.

Maha Malik Spring2025

1. Corpus (and factors in representation)

A corpus is a large, structured set of texts (written, spoken, or both) stored electronically for linguistic analysis. Factors for representation include: size, balance, sampling methods, mode (spoken/written), and authenticity of data.

2. Phonemes

The smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning in a language. Example: /p/ and /b/ in “pat” vs “bat”.

3. Intonation

The variation of pitch in speech that conveys meaning, emotion, or grammatical function.

4. Media Discourse

The study of language in media contexts, focusing on how language constructs social realities in newspapers, TV, online platforms, etc.

5. Discursive Psychology (DP) & Principles

DP studies psychological themes (attitudes, identity) as constructed through discourse rather than internal mental states. Principles:

Language is action-oriented. Meanings are constructed in interaction. Psychological concepts are context-bound.

6. Discourse Analysis (DA)

The study of language beyond the sentence, examining how context, social norms, and interaction shape meaning.

7. Sociolinguistics

The study of the relationship between language and society, including variation, change, and identity.

8. Interactional Sociolinguistics

Focuses on how people use language in social interactions to construct meaning. Importance: helps interpret implicit meanings and manage cross-cultural communication.

9. Linguistic Anthropology

Examines language as a cultural resource and speaking as a cultural practice.

10. Transitivity

In Halliday’s framework, it refers to how processes, participants, and circumstances are represented in clauses.

11. English for Academic Purposes (EAP)

A branch of ESP focusing on developing language skills needed for academic study and research.

12. Cataphoric vs. Anaphoric Reference

Cataphoric: reference to something mentioned later. (“Before he arrived, John called.”) Anaphoric: reference to something mentioned earlier. (“John came in. He sat down.”)

13. Academic Genre

Structured, socially recognized ways of using language in academia (e.g., essays, research articles).

14. Analytical Discourse

Focuses on analyzing how language functions in texts to construct meaning.

15. Three Fundamentals of DP

Discourse constructs psychological phenomena. Action-oriented nature of talk. Situatedness in interaction.

16. Main Concept of DA Paradigm

Language is socially constructed and shapes as well as reflects social realities.

17. Halliday – Social Meaning

Language draws on ideational, interpersonal, and textual meanings in social contexts.

18. DC in Fairclough’s Framework

Discourse is both a mode of representing and a form of social practice.

19. Historical Discourse

Examines language use in historical contexts and how past discourses shape present practices.

20. Kinds of DA Projects

Textual analysis, conversation analysis, critical discourse analysis, discourse-historical approach, ethnography of communication.

21. Approaches to DA

Conversation Analysis, Critical Discourse Analysis, Ethnographic Approaches.

22. Three Approaches to Media Discourse

Content analysis, semiotic analysis, discourse analysis.